Coal mining Essay Example for Free

Coal mining EssayCoal mining has been around for decades since the 1800s and scorch has been powering our lights even till today. The documentary called, Burning the future(a) Coal in America presented a lot of vital information about how the ember industries work and how coal back ups the nation stay lit. Countries that build the worlds biggest coal plants be the get together States, China and India. The states that practice coal mining are Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. Coal power plants emissions contain more elements and compounds including sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide and other elements including one of the largest sources which are carbon dioxide. Burning the future discusses the many factors that cause devastating outcomes.Mountain top removal and strip mining is a process to obtain the coal and cognitive process has been practiced for many years in America. Coal supplies more than half of the strength for America and in the documentary, Ed Hopkins who is a director of environmental quality in the sierra club states that, Coal supplies more than half of the energy right now, we are going to rely on coal in the draw near future there is no way around that. Coal supplies may be the only energy that great deal produce half of the nations electricity barely there are other alternatives that can replace coal.The process in coal mining is basically mountain top removal. Mountain top removals be of about five steps. The first step in mountain top removal is forest are cleared-cut and in this process miners must destroy softheaded life habitat and also using explosives to get deep into the core of the mountain top to obtain the coal seam. The second process is using colossal shovels to dig into the soil and trucks that haul away the remains and push it into the valleys. The third process is to dig into the rock and expose the coal. Coal industries have machines that weigh intimately eight million and these big machines are operated by mine workers. These machines can tear up a mountain in a year and these coal industries make a lot of money because they provide electricity for battalion like us.The fourth process is when the machines gather a large layer of coal, chuck out them on the adjacent valleys which creates valley fills. The last process is basically coal industries are ordinarily supposed to reclaim the land but usually they offer the area bare. Although majority of the industries replant vegetation in reality the mountain will never return to its original state and this can cause manyissues to the people in the area and also around the world. Mountain top generates a huge amount of waste because coal must be fire and it generates a lot of liquid waste which forms into slur. It contains carcinogenic compounds and venomous heavy metals and the slur is stored in large areas of piss that sometimes can leak or break and the outcome is floods and water contamination.Coal mining contributes to climate c hanges and also health issues. The main issues we are having today are air pollution, disrupted survive caused by coal burning and the toxic emissions from coal power plants. Air pollution is a very huge deal for America and all of the countries in the world. Green America.org states that, Pollution from coal power plants typically causes thirty thousand deaths a year in America. Pollution creates a lot of health problems for the people that live close by the coal areas. Health effects are hospitalization, pulmonary disease, hypertension, kidney disease, heart disease and even cancer. Those who drink polluted water in the area create bone damage and many other issues that result to death (Hendryx Ahern, 2008 Hitt Hendryx, 2010).In west Virginia, women who live near coal mining usually have poor birth rates caused by the increase issues caused by coal mining industries. Children in the area also suffer health issues which are asthma, severe headaches, blisters, and frequent runny noses because of being exposed to water contamination and air pollution from coal practices in the area. Some of the residents also reported jumble issues because of using polluted water during baths and showers (Blankenship, 2006 Reece, 2006). Pollution from coal burning power plants kill more than those who drunken drive and have AIDS combined and the toxic from coal will just keep growing because we are not stopping or reducing the usage.Acid pelting is another issue caused by the formation of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide entering the atmosphere because of coal burning and when it reacts with water and oxygen it then creates what we know as Acid rain. Acid rain causes many issues such as acidification in waterways that kill many fishes and disrupt the aquatic ecosystem. Trees and soils are also affected by this because it the acid rain indemnification them and cause future issues and acid rain causes decay in structures such as buildings and statues.Although in the documen tary, Burning the future Coal in America states that the coal is the most abundant and the cheapest. Im sure we can find other alternatives that can substitute coal but I dont think the industries are willing to moot up coal because it provides a lot of income for these industries. Even though coal may be the backbone of America, reducing the coal burning can help reduce the issues America is creating which are the thirty thousand plus death and the pollution. We can help reduce coals toxic emissions by using cleaner energy for the future. Clean energy consist of renewable energy which are wind, solar, biomass and geothermal which can supply very large portions of energy for America.Shifting towards this route can create a better sustainable future for not only America but for the world. In order to shoot for a better future we must first conserve. Conserving energy is basically driving less, buying less, turning things off when you dont need to use it anymore, using less water bec ause heating water is basically using coal to heat the water. Using natural power and not relying on light bulbs and basically just cutting back on all the things youre dependent on. We need cleaner energy and we need to increase wind power and solar power so that our future will be healthier in the long run.Work CitedHendryx, M., Ahern, M. M. (2008). Relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining in West Virginia. American journal of Public Health, 98, 669-671.Blankenship, D. (2006). Especially for people like us. In C. Warren (Ed.), Like walking onto another planet Stories about the true impacts of mountaintop removal mining. Retrieved May 12, 2011 from http//www.ohvec.org/issues/mountaintop_removal/misc/ovec_mtrbooklet.pdfOvec (Organized Voices and empower Communites). 2012. Health Study Articles on the Effects of Coal Mining. http//www.ohvec.org/issues/mountaintop_removal/articles/health/index.htmlRoger Philpot 2003-2012. Learn about Coal factoids , did you know. http//rogerphilpot.homestead.com/CoalEducation.html

Environmental Science Essay Example for Free

Environmental Science EssayGagandeep Rai Period 3/4 Criteria expression pollutants assignment three-fold Choice 1. A pungent reddishbrown gas often associated with photochemical smog. (C) NO2 2. A corrosive gas from burning coal often associated with industrial smog. (d) SO2 3. A dangerous indoor air pollutant. (A) CO 4. Emitted from diesel and burning fuel. (E) PM10 5. All of the following are examples of primary air pollutants except. (c) tropospheric ozone 6. The greatest emission of randomness dioxide comes from (C) Industrial processes 7. The least amount of nitrogen oxide emissions comes from (A) on road vehicles 8. The accumulation of tropospheric ozone at night depends mainly upon the atmospheric concentrations of (B) volatile organics 1. What are they? The six criteria air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides,lead,particulate matter and tropospheric ozone. These six pollutants significantly threaten human health, ecosystems and/or structures. 2. How is each unveild? Sulfur dioxide is mostly produced from the burning of fogy fuels like coal and oil. It can also be released during volcanic eruptions. Nitrogen oxides are produced from vehicles as well as stationary fossil fuel burning. few is also released through lightning and forest fires.Carbon monoxide is formed by incomplete combustion of most matter. Vehicle exhaust and many other combustion process produce Carbon monoxide. It is also a indoor pollutant when exhaust systems on natural gas heaters misfunction. Carbon dioxide is produced from complete combustion of most matter such as biomass and fossil fuels. Particulate matter is released when fossil fuels and bio fuel is burned. Also it is released with activities that involve movement of dust or sand. Lead is released from old paint, gasoline additive and combustion of fossil fuels.

Radiation Protection Personal Protective Equipment

ir radioactivity Protection Personal Protective EquipmentIntroduction The appointee, consist of tercet parts including this introduction, which mentions how the assignment give take shape. Ideas and concepts taken from elsewhere for the readiness of this archive will be cited sequesterly within the work. The document which will be presumption to staff will address the issues pertaining to the remove use of personal protective(p) equipment(PPE), legislations associated with their use, the principles of physics behind their use. The document will in short delve in to issues pertaining to radioactivity therapy hazards and security, legislations relevant to radioactivity syndrome work in United Kingdom and use of personal protective equipment. Principles of physics behind radiation security measures methods will be communicate in the document. Commonly employ PPE in radiographic departments will be explained with their appropriate use along with personnel dosimetry. Loca l rules aiding radiation protection and defining PPE use will be as well as addressed in the document. actinotherapy protection methods and appropriate use of PPE will be given in a tabular format explaining where, when and why these protection methods and PPE should be utilise for those situations.The third section of this work will accept a closure which will include the reasoning behind the composition of the document. It will too briefly address other important radiation protection issues and methods which be non addressed in the documents and the reasoning behind it. It will demonstrate how the assignment brief has been addressed by the document. The conclusion segment of this assignment will also emphasise as to why understanding of the work produced is important.The main factors aiding the preparation and decisions made for the preparation of the document will also be included in the conclusion. At the end of the work all references used in the preparation of this wor k will be laid out in the Harvard system of referencing.Radiation Protection and the use of Personal Protective Equipment.IntroductionBeing at the leading edge of radiation window glass delivery, a radiographer has a unique professed(prenominal) duty towards himself and others around him for a reduction in the hazards caused by ionising radiation (Manning, 2004). Many radiation related fatalities and injuries suffered by radiation pioneers and scientific studies of the 1950s, which implicated wretched level doses to stochastic personal effects in radiation workers and tolerants led to the radiation protection regulations of today (Bushong, 2003).Radiation hazardsWhen humans are irradiated, atomic interactions results in ionisation, this back end lead to chemical and biological changes which are damaging to the cells and chromosomes. This radiation induced changes can lead to two distinct types of injuries at cellular level.Deterministic effects Above a certain threshold dose, effects show up and the severity of the effects increase with doseStochastic effects Probability of detail of effects increases with increase in dose. The effects include cancer induction and hereditary effects in future generations (Martin and Harbison, 2006). These late stochastic effects, has led to the radiation protection regulations of today (Bushong 2003).What is Radiation protection and why do itIn light of the hazards that could be caused by radiation, protection from unnecessary radiation gains paramount importance. solely radiation workers and patients should be protected against these hazards by miscellaneous methods and equipment, this process is called radiation protection. A system of linear non threshold (LNT) model for radiation protection is employ to all radiation practices (Martin 2004). There is also increasing opinion in favour of radiation hormesis(Carver 2006), but since there is no absolute evidence to show a lower threshold below which no damage occurs the LNT model as required by current legislations is considered appropriate to estimate risks at low doses(Matthews and Brennan 2008)The patient should only be exposed if the clinical evidence suggests that the patient is likely to benefit from the procedures. The law requires the doses to be unbroken to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP), so the requirement of radiation protection is laid out by various legislations (Graham et al.,2007).The regulations relevant to radiographic work and the use of PPE in United Kingdom (UK)Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999(IRR 1999)Ionising Radiations (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 (IR(ME)R)Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999Reporting of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995(RIDDOR 1995)Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992Manual discussion Operations Regulations 1992Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)(Messer, 2009)The recommendations of Th e International Commission for Radiation Protection(ICRP), that radiation word picture to radiation workers and the patient should be As Low As Reasonably Achievable(ALARA) is generally accepted(Engel-Hills,2006), The recommendations of ICRP and the European union(EU) euratom directives have all had a significant impact on British law (Whitley et al., 2005)Principles of Radiation ProtectionIR(ME)R requires all medical exposures in diagnostic radiology to apply the radiation protection principles of justification, optimisation and dose limitation. (Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine(IPEM), 2002). These principles ensure patient dose is kept to the ALARP principle. The cardinal principles of radiation protection will be further discussed.Minimising Time As the dose is directly proportional to duration of exposure, minimising the time of exposure results in reduced dose. Minimising the time spent near a radiation source also reduces exposure. This protection method finds its use in fluoroscopy. Other methods used in fluoroscopy, using this protection method to reduce exposure is pulsed progressive fluoroscopy and the regular interval reset timers (Bushong, 2001).Maximising Distance The cheapest form of radiation protection is afforded by the inverse square law, which states that the radiation intensity varies to the inverse of the square of the distance (Farr and Allisy-Roberts 1997). This law holds true for the primary beam which is considered a point source of radiation. duration using mobile x-ray units a radiographer can avail this principle of physics to get maximum protection by standing as distant away from the source as possible with the aid of the long cable which should be at least 2metre from the x-ray tube during exposure (Bushong 2001). Dowd (1991) considers distance to be the simplest and most effective of radiation protection measures.Maximising Shielding Maximising shielding between the radiation source and exposed personnel reduc es radiation exposure considerably. The enduringness of the shielding material is estimated in terms of its half-value layer(HVL), which is the amount of material demand to reduce radiation exposure in to half, and tenth-value layers(TVLs) which is the amount of material needed to reduce exposure to one tenth of its original amount. The preferred material for shielding is lead (Pb). The physics behind the usage of lead for protection is its uplifted atomic number (82). This high atomic number ensures that a majority of scatter photons gets absorbed due to its high attenuation.PPE used in radiography departments calculate Aprons They are made from powdered lead incorporated in a binder of no-count or vinyl. They come in various lead equivalencies. If used as a secondary barrier to absorb scattered radiation an apron with lead equivalency of at least 0.25mm should be used. Lead aprons shall be at least 0.5mm of lead equivalent for fluoroscopy but can be higher to the range of 1mm of lead equivalence. The downside of greater lead equivalent aprons is the greater weight. Now manufacturers profess aprons with composite materials-a combination of lead, barium and tungsten. They have reduced weight and provide better attenuation of radiation.Lead Gloves They provide at least 0.25mm or to a greater extent of lead equivalent protection. Used mainly in fluoroscopy or by people holding patients during examination.Thyroid Shields Mainly for use while performing fluoroscopy, these offers protection to thyroid.Mobile Shields These could be moved around and are sometimes used in angiography.Protective Eyewear Protective glasses are used mainly in fluoroscopy to protect against the cataractogenic effect of radiation(Dowd and Tilson 1999).The concept used for radiation-protection practices is the effective dose(E). Effective dose considers the relative radio sensitivity of various tissues and organs.Effective Dose(E) =Radiation weighting factor(Wr) x Tissue weighting fact or(Wt) x Absorbed dose(Bushong, 2001)Personnel DosimetryAll classified radiation workers are routinely monitored for radiation exposures using personnel monitors. though they do not provide any radiation protection on their own, they offer the quantity of radiation to which the person using the monitor was exposed. The commonly used dosimeters in diagnostic radiology are film badges, Thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) and the pocket dosimeter (Thompson et al.,1994).Local Rules which will include working procedures and protocols for the department should be always followed for the appropriate use of PPEProtective Methods/PPE usedng 2001,Bushong 2003)ConclusionWriting an assignment about the appropriate use of PPE for radiation protection, the need to highlight radiation hazards was considered important and so the assignment started with a brief outlook of radiation hazards and subsequently radiation protection concept was discussed with emphasis on why staff and patients must be prote cted. The LNT dose response model for radiation protection and new concept favouring lower doses such as radiation hormesis was briefly addressed. The justification for using the LNT model for radiation protection was also emphasised.The legal requirement for radiation protection of patients and staff was discussed and legislations relevant to radiographic work in UK and other organisations influencing British law on radiation safety was discussed.Recommendations of ICRP, as low as reasonably achievable( ALARA) concept and the IR(ME)R requirements of radiation protection of patient through the principles of justification, optimization and limitation was also addressed.These earlier explanations, was considered important as they were the basis for the subject for radiation protection and highlighted the need for radiation protection in diagnostic resourcefulness departments.Preparing the core of the work was not possible without addressing the cardinal principles of radiation prote ction, hence they were all discussed briefly, where these protection principles find its application for radiation protection in radiographic departments. Time, Distance, Shielding concepts of radiation protection was discussed.Distance and Shielding concept of radiation protection was discussed in detail as they find their use quite often in imaging departments. corporal commonly used for shielding with the principles of physics behind its usage was also addressed. Concepts such as half -value layer(HVL) and tenth value layers (TVLs), used to define the effectiveness of the shielding material was also detailed.Personal protective equipment generally used in imaging departments such as lead rubber aprons, lead rubber gloves, thyroid shield, protective eye wear, mobile shield was discussed. Their appropriate usage in specific areas was also considered.Concept of effective dose was also briefly discussed as this was considered an important concept in radiation dose.Personnel dosimetr y was discussed with a brief on the various types of personnel dosimeters used in diagnostic imaging departments, as these dosimeters play an important role in dose regulation and monitoring radiation exposure in staff.Radiation protection methods to reduce patient dose has not been elaborated and special arrangements for pregnant radiographer such as rotating out of high exposure areas such as mobile x-ray and fluoroscopy and eating away a secondary badge under the apron at waist level when involved in such examinations to measure foetal dose(Dowd and Tilson 1994) has not been addressed in the document, so as to keep the assignment within its permissible constraints.With all this being presented, it was refractory to summarize the use of PPE and protection methods in various areas of a radiographic department x-ray room, while using mobile x-ray equipment in wards and theatres, Fluoroscopy which is a major contributor of staff dose(Bushong 2001) and CT was considered.It was decide d to project these points in a tabular format within the document for simplicity and to meet the assignment brief within the imposed limitations. It also demonstrates the appropriate usage of PPE and radiation protection methods.Adequate shielding in diagnostic imaging departments both primary and secondary shielding as required by legislations, means that a radiographer is sufficiently protected from the scatter, as long as they position themselves behind the protective barrier during exposure. This point is stressed within the tabular column in the document as this is considered an important radiation protection practice. X-ray tube incorporates lead shielding to attenuate the radiation travelling in any other direction other than the useful beam. The housing of the tube have a lead equivalent of typically 2.5mm (Farr and Allisy-Roberts 1997). This greatly reduces scatter or leaked radiation exposure to staff and patient. These and other protection measures incorporated with in mo dern x-ray machines such as collimation, beam alignment, filtration and other manual protective measures to reduce patient dose-including specific area shielding, such as contact shields and shadow shields which provide gonadal protection to patients have not been discussed in the document due to the scope and constraints of the assignment. All radiation protection methods employed to reduce patient dose bring down staff exposure as well, so good radiographic practice helps achieve reduced dose to both patient and staff (Graham et al., 2007)Local rules as required by IRR 1999, to be a part of all departments which involves working with ionising radiation has been addressed in the document briefly, but they are an important resource towards radiation protection as these rules include written systems of work, including protocols and procedures for the imaging department. Details of contingency plans and the names of Radiation protection advisers(RPA) and Radiation Protection Superviso rs(RPS) are contained within the rules(Graham et al.,2007)Principles of physics, pertaining to the use of lead in the preparation of shielding materials have been discussed in the assignment.Reading the document will inform the reader about the appropriate use of PPE, as to where, when and why to use these PPE. It also informs the reader the various legislations associated with radiation protection and the use of PPE in UK. It also highlights the hazards caused by ionising radiation and the need for radiation protection. Hence the assignment brief has been addressed.Radiation protection is an important subject to be considered in the diagnostic radiography department (Moores, 2006) and hence a clear understanding of radiation protection issues is important. Ionizing radiation can cause real damage to current and future generations if not dealt with carefully, hence understanding radiation protection and the correct usage of PPE in aiding radiation protection through this work is con sidered important.Together with a wide range of resources, the valuable experience gained during the clinical placement in a radiography department, notice the safety practices and usage of PPE in the imaging departments and critical self evaluation of methods and practices using the aid of published works has helped me arrive at the key decisions which are addressed in the document.1

Urine Culture and Urinalysis Experiment

Urine Culture and Urinalysis ExperimentAbstractThis lab report analyses the findings of both important tests. These ar microbiological analysis of pissing on CLED nutrient agar plate ( peeing culture) and biochemical analysis of pee (urinalysis). Urine culture test examined piss type cultured on cystine-lactose-electrolyte deficient agar plate for whatever possible bacterial growth after the incubation period. Gram positivistic or gram disconfirming bacteria growth can be show or not. However the presence of 10 colonies of each in this experiment which were E. coli and S. aureus bacteria indicated either possible contamination of the peeing sample or transmittance of the urinary tract by various disease and disorders of the urinal tract.The biochemical analysis of urine was as well done where by the sample urine both autocratic and negative controls were subjected to tests for presence of different constituents not normally found in normal urine using test strip with a bsorbent pads capable of examination different constituents by observation of color change. Presence of unexpected urine constituents indicates infection of the urinal tract and sometimes real diseases, disorders and nutrition imbalance.IntroductionUrinalysis which is also termed as biochemical analysis of urine is a biochemical test on urine sample purposely meant to see in diagnosis of a wide range of urinary tract diseases. Examples of such diseases include high urinary glucose levels in people suffering from diabetes, high ketone bodies levels in urine in situations of ketunia among other urinary disorders. Urine is also subject to immunological analysis and these tests are the ones used to break pregnancy (Carricajo, 1999).Microbiological analysis of urine also termed as urine culture is a microbial test responsible for detection of pathogenic microbes capable of causing urinal tract diseases and disorders (Martinko, 2005). The enumeration of such microbes for our case is by use of cysteine-lactose and electrolyte-deficient agar mostly abbreviated as CLED agar. However other types of agar media that can be used instead of CLED agar include rake agar and MacConkey agar. CLED agar medium is a non selective medium which is able to support growth of many pathogens found in the urinary tract and has the skill to give a clear differentiation of such pathogens colonies with minimum or no proteus species spread (Kee, 2001).MethodologyFor biochemical analysis of urine, both corroborative and negative control samples of urine were conducted by strict following of the instructions by the manufacturer. A test strip detecting eight different substances was swaybacked into the urine sample, then the strip was taken out and the extra urine was removed by wiping the edge of the strip to the inner side of the tube. The color of the pads on the strip was observed for any changes and the pads were read in the direction of the arrow and within the time given in the con tainer. The reading was recorded and the test was ingeminate for a negative control urine sample (Clarridge, 1998).For the urine culture test, the cysteine-lactose and electrolyte-deficient agar medium was prepared according to the instructions provided on the label by the manufacturer by first weighing accurately and dissolving in appropriate amount of dis banked water. Sterilization of the media was then conducted at 121 degrees Celsius for fifteen minutes in an autoclave (Nunez, 1995). The sterilized media was the poured on to several sterilized plate for solidification and this was done on a clean and sterile microbiology working bench. After obtaining the urine sample for microbial analysis, the sample was mixed gently to avoid foaming and the end of a sterile 10 micro-liter calibrated loop was dipped in the urine sample to just below the protrude and was removed vertically. Then the volume of urine within the calibrated loop was inoculated over the entire surface of CLED aga r plate, which was then incubated in ambient air overnight at 37 degree Celsius (Chernecky, 2001).ResultsFor the urine culture test, this examined a urine sample cultured on cystine-lactose- electrolyte deficient agar plate for any possible bacterial growth after the incubation period of 24-48hours. Urine culture was positive with two bacterial species growth observed according to the typical colonial morphology and colors on the CLED agar plate. A count of 10 colonies of Gram negative bacteria E.Coli were recorded on the CLED plate as well as 10 colonies of gram positive S.aureus. The number of colony from each bacterial species uncaring on the agar plate was then multiplied by the dilution factor of 1.000.000 to obtain a density of 10.000.000 CFU/L of urine.For urinalysis, a test that enables us detect abnormal constituents of urine such as glucose, protein, ketones bodies, blood and bile pigment, the positive control urine test results showed abnormalities in its constituents by the presence leukocytes, blood, nitrites, proteins and ketones bodies in the sample compared to the negative control urine which showed normal results in its constituents.Discussion of the resultsUrine is a by product and it is produced in the kidneys and then into the urinary bladder where it accumulates till enough stretching of the bladder walls is achieved which leads to its release via the urethra. Urinalysis is very important to determine whether the urine is normal or if it is from unhealthy individual since it contains different ranges of groundless products which should be present in normal urine and others which are not expected in normal urine thus there presence indicates certain diseases and disorders. Urinalysis gives us a clear recital of the internal biochemical processes of the patient under test. According to this experiment, the presence of leukocytes, blood, nitrites, proteins and ketones bodies in the positive control urine sample indicated the following. Pre sence of leukocytes indicates shows us that the urinary tract from which the urine was obtained was infected and this is evident due to detection of esterase enzyme which is normally absent is normal urine. This indicates that this sample of urine should be subjected to further tests like culture test, sensitivity and even microscopy (Kouri, T. (2000).Healthy individuals do not contain ketone bodies in their urine. Therefore presence of ketone bodies in the urine sample tested indicates that the individual was deprived of carbohydrates since ketones and acetones are actually the byproducts of metabolism of the fat. This shows that the individuals was either suffering from diabetes mellitus or he individual was lacking carbohydrates since both of them are possible causes of presence of ketones and acetones in the urine. When urine is detected to have blood, it indicates a condition known as haematuria. Sometimes the blood may not be visible to our naked eyes and this is called micro scopic hematuria while sometimes the blood stains are visible to our eyes and this is known as frank hematuria. galore(postnominal) renal conditions exhibit this condition of henaturia. These include renal, urethral and ureteric calculi, acute nephritis, malignant papiloma, renal ca, and chronic kidney diseases and sometimes the administration of sulfonamides or anticoagulants may cause hematuria (Wallach, 2000, p. 26). The salt of nitrous acid is known as nitrate. So when the urine tests positive of nitrates, it indicates firmly that the urinary tract is infected and possibly by bacteriuria which is an indication of pyelonephritis, cystitis and sometimes urethritis disorders. But sine the second sample of urine did not show any of this constituents, it indicates that the urine came from a healthy individuals. However other precarious constituents that should not be found in normal urine include urobinogen, glucose, Bilirubin, urobilinogen among others (Henry, 20005).In the case o f urine culture test, E. coli is a bacteria that is oft found in the gut and it is harmless unless it if finds its way to wrong venue of the body like the bladder. Therefore presence of these bacteria which is a gram positive bacterium detected by pinkish color on the plates and S. aureus which is a gram negative bacteria indicated by bluish or purple colouration on the plate indicated that the person from which the urine was obtained from might be suffering from urinal tract infections mostly the bladder infections. It might also indicate contamination of the urine sample as the results obtained suggests a probable contamination as two bacterial species were isolated and there was no predominance between the two of them (Aspevall, 2000). ratiocinationIn conclusion, these test results were expected and significant in both urine culture and urinalysis. Urine culture on CLED agar plate was very multipurpose for the growth and enumeration of gram positive and gram negative urinary t ract microorganisms while urinalysis was equally essential for providing critical information to assist in diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of wide range of diseases.

The benefits of ecommerce and emarketing

The benefits of ecommerce and e sellingThe most current and relevant literature on e- marketing is examined and the relevant areas disused in several(a) literature which has connection with the objective of the business project are explored in this chapter.E-business and e-commerce are modern form of business which is performed in a technologically advance(a) business environment. The e-business is termed as the application of information technology for internal business process as well as activities in which a company engages during commercial message activity. These activities croup include functional activities such as finance, marketing, human resources management and operations (Philips, 2003).Ecommerce is the use of Information and communication technology to enable external activities and human relationship with individuals, groups and other businesses (Laudon and Traver, 2002).Due to the growth in electronic media for business functions , the way of interaction between t he supplier, distributor, seller and client has become changed and more than enhanced.E-commerce channels allow businesses to set forth to the node tumultuouser, with more velocity, and more value (Budhwani, 2001)E-MarketingE-marketing is a process of building and maintaining customer relationship through online activities to facilitate the exchange of ideas, products and services that satisfy the goals of twain parties (Mohammed et al, 2001).Strauss et al (2003) suggest that e-marketing c all overs a wide range of IT related applications with three main aims Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation, targeting, differentiation and positioning strategies more efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods, services and ideas creating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organisational customers objectives. Business is mainly lay down on exchange process e-marke ting has the ability to be beneficial for all the people who involve in the business. Mainly organization has authenticised this and started to refocus their marketing strategy using e-marketing.E-Marketing versus Traditional MarketingAs number of individuals spending their time on internet is increasing rapidly, e-marketing is growing as a hefty marketing tool. Due to advancement and utilisation of technology in Internet has grown rapidly, thereby e-marketing gained more attention by most of the firms and due to this the handed-down marketing methods loses its value. The traditional marketing channels like as television, print media, and radio are becoming less popular. The traditional media are competing with the electronic media for quest customer attention but the Internet and appear to be gaining over the other media. On implementing E-Marketing a company place reach its customer at once through website, e-mail, friendly networking sites and various other means. E-Market ing is cost effective and also gains lot of attention of the customer. These factors make E-Marketing to overlap the traditional marketing.The Internet is assumed to be an important channel for marketing and distribution of products and services. This is, among other things, due to the cost-effectiveness of the Internet and the convenience for customers. With the Internet marketers can reach prohibited to a broad customer base, locate target customers, identify their needs and communicate with them at a relatively low cost. The Internet provides an opportunity for market testing and optimization. Increasing digitalization will make it progressively easier to experimentally alter particular aspects of a business and quickly observe how customers respond (Wyner, 2000)Benefits of e-marketingE-marketing has several benefits which can be capitalised by the organisation to gain competitive advantages those benefits are listed below,The web allows non-linear communication in which there i s free flow and exchange of information, and there is a potential for nonpartizan communication between a business and its audiences in different contexts on a one to one basis, and a many-to-many basis. The many-to-many model involves communication between customers (Hoffman and Novak, 1995).E-marketing can increase an organisations geographic coverage beyond its traditional operating area. E-marketing will also make the organisation to have a global presence and a wider reach. New market and new customers can be obtained by the company, if the e-marketing is utilised effectively. Moreover e-marketing provides a cheap way of communicating with customers and the business transactions can also be cared out in low cost. A website can be used as a powerful business tool for carrying out sales and services all day providing greater convenience for the customer. Besides that e-marketing can be used for an online sales promotion and provide targeted offers and special privileges to the c ustomer.E-Marketing is fast and flexible communication tool and helps to fulfil the customer retention objective of the company. The internet provides rich sources of marketing data for the marketers, which can be used for decision-making purposes. additionally e-marketing re chase supported with appropriate software and technology provides a good data analysis to streamline the process of research. Similarly e-marketing help to improve the firebrand name and provides a better platform for development of the brand presence.The purpose of branding is to facilitate the organisations task of acquire and maintaining a loyal customer base in a cost-effective manner to achieve the highest possible return on investment (De Chernatony and McDonald, 1998, p.17)E-marketing problemsThere are also few problems with e-marketing that marketers must witness and respond to. Those are outlined belowA companys marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside marketing that affect t he marketing managements ability to develop and maintain roaring transactions with its target customers. The marketing environment offers both threats and opportunities (Kotler et al, 2001)The major problem of e-marketing is lack of trust among the online users to make transactions with unknown traders and the customers resistance to change, mainly senior and disadvantage people. Next big problem is customers concerns over privacy issues such as spam and unwanted marketing communication. Rising network security doubts over fraud and hacking cause huge setback for e-marketing. Moreover the technology gap between the organization and customer is a disadvantage. There are also difficulties and social impacts in cross-broader trading using electronic media.Customization and Personalization through E-marketingThe e-marketing provides customization and personalization benefits to both firm and the customer. Customisation refers to more personalised products availability and tailored com munication.The Internet marketing environment offers great customization and personalization opportunities. The evolution from marketing on the averages to marketing on the differences is a very prominent theme and a major advantage of the Web market compared to real environments (Reitman, 1994).Customization provides the ability to the customer to order product uniquely as per their need and specification. This helps the firms to know more about the individual customer, so that the offers and communications can be tailored as per the behaviour of the customer. This provides a great competitive advantage.E-marketing and Customer FocusThe customer is the central focus for any business organisation and marketing activities are will be build to achieve high levels of customer satisfaction. Customer loyalty is emerged from satisfaction and from loyalty come more profitability and sales. The customer is the key element for all business but the e-marketing make customer even more powerfu l. Due the technology advancement customers are more demanding with search engines, more substitute product availability and multi-channel user friendly technology. Customer makes up the online communities of an organisation. Consumer behaviour growing to be more complex. But e-marketing coupled with uphill technologies enables more precise segmentation and targeting of customer. E-marketing helps to implement personalised offering to each customer, this done by obtaining permission and sends offers to target customer. The interactive nature of internet allows getting quicker customer feedback. These factors of e-marketing helps firms to remain customer focused.

Essay examples --

When considering the numerous types of interactions between humans and figurers that occur on a daily basis, from simple data entry and clerical hold out to high level programming and graphic design, they all require people to physically input info into the machine and receive some sort of optical or audio output. This, in fact is the primary goal when referring to input and output devices to transfer information from a persons listen into the computer and to then have the computer relay the results of said input.The difficulty in the transferring of information from the human brain into a computer lies essentially within the input device. The majority of input devices which are commonly in use today are simply not substantial enough to allow users to convey information to a computer at a sufficient rate. This problem has lead to the exploration and development of numerous new input devices. This paper will lecture to these new input devices and how they, along with their corres ponding output device, will allow the average computer user to decrease the latency between the human mind and the computer. With current technologies employed by the average computer user, the most common method for transmitting information from a human into a computer is finished ii simple devices, the keyboard and the mouse. These specific input methods, while convenient and nearly universal, are limited by the speed at which a human tail operate them with their hands. To use typing as an example, it is reasonable to assume that anyone who works in the field of computer science or any of the various related industries knows how to use a keyboard to enter text into a computer. However this method of information transfer has its upper limits. Assumi... ...ices still suffer from the same limitations as the keyboard, viz. that they are both limited by the speed and dexterity of the human hands. The computer mouse operates in a two dimensional world, generally manipulating two di mensional data such as text editors, internet browsers, and email applications. Nonetheless, there is a large portion of the computer industry which operates with various trinity dimensional applications. It is with these types of applications that gestural interaction becomes of greater value.Once such method of interaction that has received considerable attention in recent years is 3D spatial interaction where users motions are tracked in some way so as to determine their 3D pose (e.g., position and orientation) in quadriceps over time. This tracking can be done with sensors users wear or hold in their hands or unobtrusively with a camera.

Fascism Essay -- essays research papers

On the 23 March 1919 after a series of Communist demonstrations, the almost forgotten Mussolini decided to attempt torevive his Fasci movement. A meeting was held in a hall in a Milan and was attended by some fifty malcontents. From this countingly small and insignificant event the Fascio di Combattimento (Combat Group) was born. Initially, it would seem that the Fasci were destined for failure with none of their candidates (including Mussolini) winning a single seat in the 1919 elections. How was it that a party with no clear programme, save a smell in proceeding of some sort, became a ruling dictatorship little more than ten years later? By the end of 1919, Mussolini possessed exactly more than 2% of the vote in Milan, less than 5000 votes against 170,000 for the Socialists. Was this a complete disaster? At the time it seemed so the Socialists were so confident of their success that they arranged a mock funeral in Milan stopping outside Mussolinis house to invite him to attend the burial of his party. Incredibly, by 1921 the membership of this previously tiny group was to pertain the size of the Socialists. How was thisachieved? It was certainly by no easy means Mussolinis skill and luck played a vital role, but he was also helped by the seemingly blind incompetence of his opponents. Mussolinis path towards the top of Italian Government was hindered by many forms of opposition. However, most of his opposition came from the Government and the rival Socialist (PSI) party. curtly after the summer of 1920 the Fascists and their opposition inevitably clashed. The fact that Giolettis government was faced with million workers sitting in in factories showed that Italy was a far from stable inelegant in 1920. Did an opportunity present itself for Mussolini to gain ground over the Socialist opposition? If it did, Mussolini certainly did not take it. He was still recovering from his partys mortify election defeat. Eventually the union leaders, evidently surpris ed by this sudden, spontaneous revolutionary outburst persuaded the workers to give in in return for higher wages. Although ab initio it would seem that theworkers had won, the strikes had sown the seeds of fear amongst Italys Socialist opposition. The overall effect of this was thatmany of the opponents of Socialism joined Mussolinis Fascist party. The Socialist party by... ...ht home the importance of opportunism and action as opposed to inactivity and fixed ideologies. As S. Lee argues, Mussolini was strongly inclined to intuitive behaviour and projected himself as a flexible pragmatist. This allowedhim to learn full use of the chaotic conditions in Italy, and considerably increased the Fascist partys fortunes. However, we must(prenominal) also consider that to a certain extent, the oppositions continued failures and misjudgments almost pushed Mussolini intopower. We must also take account of the fact that Mussolini certainly had his fair share of luck - a prime example is the Kings refusal to declare a state of emergency, which would thrust allowed the army to attack the Fascists. However, it was his ability to act out the role of the Italian peoples dream leader that gave him the most success. He played upon the post-war crisis, and made it appear that Fascism was the solely way in which socialism would be smashed, and Italys society and status would be rebuilt. To the Italian people, Mussolini was the great leader they had been desperately searching for - the leader who was going to mystify Italy a great power, and a respected force in the world.