The comparison of numeracy learning and development Essay

The comparison of numeracy learning and development - Essay Example The paper tells that there is a widespread interest in improving mathematics achievements in schools across the world. Apart from economic benefits of mathematics, such as preparing young men and women for the numeracy requirements of the modern workplaces, and improving the skill levels of the personnel, there are social benefits tied to bettering access for many young people to training opportunities and post school education and laying firm foundations to skills for womb-to-tomb learning. The interest in heightening levels of achievement has resulted in a focus on recognizing the range of factors that determine achievement as well as interpreting how these factors operate to enhance or limit the achievement of varied groups of students. In this case study project, the researcher will consider two students, namely Christopher and John. Christopher has a British background, and he is a gifted learner. He understands the background meaning and culture of a variety of questions. Chris topher is a fast learner, and he always finds a hard time with curriculum demands as well as teachers because they comfortably cater for students with normal learning abilities. John is a Vietnamese who is in England for his studies. He has been in England for five one year and he has a problem with understanding English language, especially in speaking. John does not understand the cultural context of a variety of mathematical questions, and he is in need of constant assistance with understanding key English words. ... ied at the age of 20 years, and his academic studies stopped for about five years, after which he enrolled into a higher learning institution to study Software Security Course. He sired his first child eight years after marriage and, later, after two years, he sired another child. The second child had some mental disability, which called for more care. He took most of his time taking care of his disabled daughter, but he continued with his studies on the part time basis. Christopher decided to enrol on the numeracy level 1 in order to better his numeracy skills because he encountered many calculations including daily purchases. He passed well in level one examination and proceeded to numeracy level two. According to the results of his initial diagnostic test, he had a ‘spiky’ profile. He excellently understood some topics, and at the same time, it was difficult for him to understand other topics regarding numeracy. However, he committed himself to understand the difficul t areas, which resulted to a substantial improvement and success in his level 1 examinations. Now, when he proceeded to numeracy level 2, all topics became equally manageable. It was easier for Christopher to understand every topic because he had gone through the English Education System. His accent and approach enabled him to do well in numeracy because he could ask the lecturer for clarification every time he experienced a problem. When I started to teach in Christopher’s class, Christopher experienced some problems regarding my teaching methods as well as my accent. This was because my approaches were significantly different from the approached that the previous teachers employed in teaching. Therefore, he failed to understand some key concepts concerning numeracy. I did not hesitate to set him

Regional Geography Essay Example for Free

Regional Geography Essay The reaction has been disjointed and slow, and results seen are even harder to find. Hillstrom and Hillstrom agree that â€Å" Pollution is a particularly insidious form of habitat degradation, fundamentally impacting fragile ecosystems in myriad ways, some of which are invisible to the naked eye† (17), mentioning specifically acid rain, and farm pesticide use as a couple of the not so quickly identifiable sources of habitat degradation. The authors of World Regional Geography point out that Environmental degradation in one place is often the result of demands for resources or goods in other places, and air and water pollution can flow across borders(18). The authors also note that Small farms are now being replaced by corporate farms and high tech operations such as shrimp farms, most of which, ironically cause environmental degradation and yet receive government assistance(19). Degradation also results when the vast expanses of concrete, in highly developed areas of urban sprawl, during heavy rains, sends tumultuous, unrestricted flow of groundwater to run amok. The water washes soil and impurities along with the run off, salts from road maintenance, as well as chemicals used by various processing plants. It is a vicious cycle, As economic prosperity expands, peoples consumption of goods and resources increases, and environmental degradation is usually the result, even when aware, to make the dollar, degradation processes are too often ignored as long as possible (20). Degradation can involve loss of plant life, and biodiversity, as well as pollution of soil and water sources. We need to become more active in defense of animal habitats, because realistically we too are animals, and the biodiversity that is important to wildlife, is equally important to humans. (17) Hillstrom Kevin, Hillstrom Laurie Collier. North America: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues. Edition: illustrated, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2003. P. 43. (18) Hapke Holly M, Goodwin Conrad Mac, Pulsipher Lydia Mihelic, Pulsipher Alex. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives. Edition: 3, illustrated, Published by Macmillan, 2005. p. 13. (19) Ibid. p. 169. (20). Ibid. P. 455. 7 Johnson and Klemens warn us that Sprawl is leading to the loss of rare and common species and possible species extinction. It is also leading directly to the loss of our natural environment, of ecosystem functioning(21). The ecosystem is a delicate balance, and we can not continue to disregard the warnings. If the ecosystem were to stop functioning the world could become a science fiction movie stage. Imagine a world without birds and bees, our major natural pollinators, and the resulting plant species extinctions that would follow. Plant extinctions would be soon followed by animal extinctions, right on down the food chain. This stark truth could very well come true in the not so distant future, if humans do not make changes to accommodate the animals we share the earth with. One of the biggest changes that could occur, that would help slow the detrimental progress of urban sprawl, would be to adopt more compact development planning. Instead of subdivisions spread across hundreds of acres, connected by a network of roads to the strip malls a few miles in one direction, and the factories a few miles in the opposite direction, plan more considerately, keep the sprawl to a minimum. Also when in the planning process, demand developers leave larger buffer zones, as well as intact habitat corridors to allow wildlife unrestricted movement between the islands of adequate habitat. Stricter oversight, and regulation of corporations discharging waste into the environment is a must, for wildlife and their habitat, and for humans as well. It is a shame that in this age of technology, the scientific community seems to have thought of everything geared towards production and convenience, and yet neglected to foresee the destruction of our environment that has resulted. Works Cited: Emel Jody, Wolch Jennifer. Animal Geographies: Place, Politics, and Identity in the Nature-culture Borderlands, Edition: illustrated, Published by Verso, 1998. Hapke Holly M, Goodwin Conrad Mac, Pulsipher Lydia Mihelic, Pulsipher Alex. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives. Edition: 3, illustrated, Published by Macmillan, 2005. Hillstrom Kevin, Hillstrom Laurie Collier. North America: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues. Edition: illustrated, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2003.

Free College Admissions Essays: We Must All Be Part of the Solution! :: College Admissions Essays

We Must All Be Part of the Solution! Â   Sara had always been my best friend. It didn't matter that she was different. We had fun together. Then we started middle school and our whole world was flipped upside down. Â   Sara and I were thrown into a larger school with more people than we had ever seen at one school at the same time. After a few fear-filled weeks, I became comfortable in my new surroundings and was doing well. I wish I could say the same for Sara. I didn't understand why she was having so much trouble. All the work we did was no harder than the things we had done in grammar school. The only real difference was how the material was presented to us, and I didn't see how that could affect her learning. Â   I was worried about Sara; she was getting teased a lot and always appeared so sad. She told me that she had a problem that she was working on with her guidance counselor. Sara asked if I would go with her to the guidance counselor. I went to see Mrs. Vance with Sara. Mrs. Vance told us that Sara's evaluation revealed a language disorder. Â   Sara had an impairment in the ability to use words. Mrs. Vance said that when Sara read, she understood what the words meant. When speaking or writing, however, her words didn't always come out the way she meant them to. That explained why Sara got the answers wrong to questions she knew. Â   I found out that 1 out of every 10 children in America have language disorders. These problems may mildly, moderately, or severely impair the learning process. Students with these kinds of learning disabilities may exhibit a wide range of traits, including problems with reading comprehension, spoken language and writing. These problems are not the result of a lack of intelligence, rather they are resultant from an obstacle to communication of ideas. Â   After our meeting, I sat down to talk with Sara. At first she was embarrassed, but after a few minutes I got her to talk. We spoke about her disability, study solutions, and ways to help her do better in school. I offered to help her in any way that I could. We started studying together. I read aloud to her and wrote in large, dark print.

Huck Finn Literary Criticism

In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain portrays his main character and the novel’s namesake, a deeply complex individual, even as a child. He has obvious abandonment issues and continues to struggle with finding his place in society. Huck starts by trying to fit in with Tom and a band of young boys, but eventually finds true companionship in a slave named Jim. Huck continues in his struggles as his moral beliefs conflict with the moral beliefs of the society of his time.This conflict comes from Huck being so immersed in a society that he does not seem to belong in, all while still trying to find a place that he does belong. According to Harold Bloom and Leslie A. Fiedler, â€Å"The moral crisis of the book is created by the constant disjunction in the mind of Huckleberry Finn between what he thinks he ought to do, and what he is aware that he must do† (Bloom and Fiedler 25-39). This is seen throughout the novel, as Huck struggles with following society or following his heart.A nother critic, Gemma Marshall, makes a point very similar to Bloom and Fiedler, saying, â€Å"Through the character of Huck and his internal debates, we see the conflict between what is morally right and what is legally enforced† (Marshall). At one point in the novel, Huck, himself, says: [The Widow Douglas] told me what she meant–I must help other people, and do everything I could for other people and look out for them all the time, and never think about myself†¦.I went out in the woods and turned it over in my mind a long time, but I couldn't see no advantage in it–except for the other people; so that at last I reckoned I wouldn't worry about it any more, but just let it go. (Twain) This statement, which completely supports the views of both critics, does not come from Huck being a selfish individual. Rather, it comes from him struggling to survive. Once Huck meets Jim, it is seen that he does put Jim first in many occasions, because at that point, he can afford to.Earlier in the novel, he could not let his blooming moral compass get in his way of survival. This moral conflict also contributes to Huck’s disregard for the law and his reasons why he does so throughout the novel. Earlier on in the novel, Huck is seen trying to fit in by joining Tom’s gang even if that meant killing people. At that point in the novel, one might say that Huck agreeing to this was just out of loneliness and wanting to belong. As the novel progresses, however, Tom’s actions seem to become more and more aggressive. As Bloom says, â€Å"Tom's scheme for stealing way a Negro whom he knows to be free is not only sadistic but thoroughly immoral. † Though to readers Tom’s actions might seem immoral, he is simply acting as a product of his society. Just as Huck was trying to fit in with Tom by agreeing to join his gang, Tom is trying to fit into his society by following the normalcies that have been exposed to him. Based on this point, Bloom goes on to say that there â€Å"is nothing any more ridiculous about what Tom does than there is about what society inflicts on them every day† (Bloom 25-39).Readers, therefore, cannot judge the moral level of the characters based on today’s moral code, but rather of the moral code of the society that these characters were placed in. As the novel progresses, however, Huck begins to become aware of the morals in society, but chooses to go against them anyway. Bloom argues: It never enters his head for a moment that protecting Jim against recapture is anything but wrong; for he has no abolitionist ideas and questions the justice of slavery no more than did Aristotle.He considers, however, that as an outcast he has little to lose. (Bloom 25-39) If Huck is becoming aware of the morals of his society, yet is still choosing to go against them, this can mean that Huck is subconsciously forming his own moral code. Even though he knew that helping Jim was wrong, h e must have felt, some place down in his heart, that it was right. Otherwise, why would he risk his own life to do so in the first place? In a society full of moral confusion, the one character â€Å"is presented as intelligent, analytical, [and] highly moral† is Jim (Marshall). Does Jim not make for a far more suitable role model than the drunkard Pap? † Marshall asks. He does, in fact, as he goes as far to create a home for Huck, that Pap never did. As unconventional as it may be, Jim and Huck become a family, with the river as their home. As they travel up the rive â€Å"it gradually becomes clear that the two characters leave the constraints of society behind them and create their own world on the water- it is within this world that the influence of societal values are suppressed in favour of a more logical, practical system of values† (Marshall).It is along this journey that Jim teaches Huck what values are really important in an individual, regardless of wh at society says is correct. He teaches Huck what it means to value another person’s life as much as one value’s his own. It is easy to see the moral complexities in this novel reading it through a modern lens, especially in the case of Huck. Readers are constantly struggling with whether nature or nurture will come out victorious: will Huck rise above his society because he was born with the ability to think beyond what he sees in it or will society’s pressures cause Huck to break?Contemporary reviews of the novel were also asking this question. On February 20, 1885, a review was published in The Hartford Courant. It’s author asked, â€Å"What, for instance, in the case of Huck, the son of the town drunkard, perverted from the time of his birth, is conscience, and how does it work? † This show how contemporaries of Mark Twain were able to see and appreciate the moral complexities of his novels and his characters just as easily as readers can today. The whole study of Huck's moral nature is as serious as it is amusing, his confusion of wrong as right and his abnormal mendacity, traceable to his training from infancy, is a singular contribution to the investigation of human nature,† the author of the review goes on to say. The fact that the author uses the term â€Å"confused† by the author of that review is an interesting one. It implies that while Huck may think of his actions as wrong, as determined by his society, his actions actually prove Huck’s ability to think in morally superior terms of his society.Had a Southerner written this review, it may not have had the same implications. As a Northerner, who likely had much stronger anti-slavery views than a Southerner, wrote this review it makes it easier for him to appreciate the development of Huck’s moral code, despite what society was telling him. All three sources of criticism are in agreement about the moral difficulties faced by Huck throughou t the novel. They also all agree that Huck is put at odds with his society because of his moral character, whether he views himself as moral or not.Since the two pieces of literary criticism are quite modern, it is not surprising that the critics are able to look at the novel and pinpoint all of the complexities that are entangled in this novel and in the life of Huck. Since a Northerner wrote the contemporary review, and Northerners were obviously more progressive in the ideas of abolition and anti-slavery than Southerners of the time, that could explain the level of forward thinking presented in the review.All three reviews also agree that Huck’s main conflict throughout the novel is that between himself and society. This is what causes him to set forth North in search of a place where he may belong. Luckily, however, throughout this journey he was able to find his sense of belonging right there with Jim. At the very end Huck reconciles with the fact that without Jim, Huck has nothing, as he does not belong to this society. He finds harmony by deciding to head west. Works Cited Bloom, Harold, and Leslie A.Fiedler. â€Å"Huckleberry Finn: Faust in the Eden of Childhood.. †Ã‚  Bloom's Major Literary Characters  (2004): 25-39. EBSCOHost. Web. 17 Feb 2013. Hartford Courant 20 Feb 1885, Page 2. Web. 18 Feb 2013. www. etext. lib. virginia. edu/twain/harcour2 Marshall, Gemma. â€Å"Literary analysis: Controversial themes in Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. †Ã‚  Helium: Where Knowledge Rules. 05 Dec 2008. Web. 18 Feb 2013. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Ed. Guy Cardell. New York: Penguin Classics, 2002. Print.

Deception in the Twelfth Night: William Shakespeare Essay

Deception is seen widely throughout the play Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare. Many characters are very clear about who they are and what their motives are, while some are more manipulative. Deception is shown through the clearness of Orsino’s character and the way Viola (Cesario) deceives people to play a man. Orsino is a character in the Twelfth Night that is considered much understood. He is very upfront about his actions and motives. This is portrayed in the way that Orsino loves Olivia and the way he will do anything it takes to get her to be with him. He makes it very clear that there is only one thing that he wants: to be with Olivia. As Orsino states his love in the play, â€Å"Oh, when mine eyes did see Olivia first, methought she purged the air of pestilence. That instant was I turned into a hart, and my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, e’er since pursue me† (1.1.20-24). He is very upfront about who he is; as the count, he is better than the people around him and gets what he wants. The way that Olivia thinks so highly of him as a Duke, demonstrates how he is better than the people around him: â€Å"Yet I suppose him virtuous, know him noble, of great estate, of fresh and stainless youth. In voices well divulged, free, learned, and valiant; and in dimension and the shape of nature, a gracious person† (1.5.260-64). Orsino is a noteable character who is straightforward and determined to get what he wants. Viola (Cesario), on the other hand, is completely deceptive of who she is. Although she deceptively dresses as a man, Viola does it so that she can stay alive in Illyria. The Captain is the only one who really knows what Viola is doing. As the Captain says, â€Å"Be you his eununch, and mute I’ll be. When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see,† (1.3.65-66) which he also knows the reasons of doing. Throughout the entire play, Viola has to lie about who she is, but hints about her secret occasionally, like when she speaks with Orsino: â€Å"I am all the daughters of my father’s house, and all the brothers, too—and yet I know not† (2.4.132-33). Viola is a main example of a character that is deceptive by their appearance in the Twelfth Night. Deception is being deceived or mislead by false appearances or statements. There are different kinds of deception in the Twelfth Night, by appearance or by Shakespeare’s word choice. Deception by appearance is an easily seen trait throughout different characters in the play. Orsino is a great example of someone who  is the opposite of deceptive, whereas Viola is one of the most deceptive by her appearance and can be seen throughout the play the Twelfth Night.

Napoleon1 essays

Napoleon1 essays Turning Point Title: Napoleons Retreat from Moscow Place and Date of Event: June 22 1812 Napoleon and the Grande Arme invade Russia. December 18 1812 what is left of the Grande Arme make it back to Napoleon: Emperor of France who lead the French Arme and its allies into Barclay de Tolly: Commanded 127,000 Russian troops at the start of the Marshal Kutusov: Russian commander who replaced Barclay in mid August. Prince Bagration: Commanded 43,000 Russian troops during invasion. Wairy Louis Constant: Napoleons valet, who wrote down what he saw and Description of the Event: Napoleon took 500,000 infantry, 100,000 cavalry, and 1,400 field and siege guns for the troops on his invasion of Russia. He went up against Barclays and Bagrations troops. Napoleons strategy was to over power the Russians and drive them back as far as possible. June 24 French cross Niemen River at Kovno and Grodna and push Barclay back. Four days French capture Vilna and stayed there till July 16. Big mistake because this allowed Russians to unite forces at Smolenskby on August 1. Two weeks later Russians attack. Russians come away from battle in good shape, but the French come away in awful condition. Many troops are ill with different diseases and battle wounds. Russians replace Barclay with Kutusov. French keep trying to push forward. Another big mistake, they should have waited for winter to clear and attacked in the spring. Invade all the way to Moscow. When they get there Russians all ready burnt it to the ground so French have no shelter to stay in. Napoleon stay at Moscow for 6 weeks. Then the retreat begins. The French soldiers getting sick of war and kind of turn into a big crowd of men. Then the Russians attack them when they are so unorganized. End of November French able to reach Beresina River. All bridges out ...

Key

Key 8. Australian Financial Review, May 26, 1998 Tuesday, Supplement; Pg.44, 908 words, Focus Moves From Debt To Corporate Governance, Ian Crofts And Stephen Cheesewright,* Ian Crofts Is The Technical Manager of The Australian Society of Corporate Treasurers. stephen cheesewright is an executive consultant at advisory risk management services, anz investment bank.... In that time the role of the treasury professional has significantly evolved. ...... traditional roles of a treasury function are now demanding ..., Traditionally the treasury professional's management focus has been ...... many banking, deal execution, accounts payable and accounts receivable functions, hence treasury functions are easier to manage. ...... not been the sole drivers. Treasury professionals have become more ...... test anecdotal evidence of the treasury professional's move towards the strategic and away from the transactional, the Australian Society of Corporate Treasurers, in conjunction with the advisory a nd ...... management services unit of ANZ Investment Bank, is surveying the contemporary treasury function.Outsourcing-offshoring-resizedThe objectives of the survey are:* To ...... thought leadership on treasury issues.* To provide a reference on modern treasury practice.* To establish profession ...... maintain and analyse core treasury information from a historical ...... raise the profile of finance and treasury professionals in the market ...... ASCT.The 1998 Corporate Treasury Survey will differ from ...... handbook. The panel includes treasurers, bankers, academics, journalists and ...... by the questionnaire includes:* Treasury staffing: what factors have contributed or ...... contribute to re-sizing of the treasury unit? Suggested drivers of ...... cycle or maturity phase.* Treasurer profile: what do treasurers believe are their most important sources of inspiration? What was the treasurer's immediate past position? What is the ...... adding to shareholder value, are treasu ry professionals happy with their performance ...

Typical Flame Temperature for Different Fuels

Typical Flame Temperature for Different Fuels This is a list of flame temperatures for various common fuels. Adiabatic flame temperatures for common gases are provided for air and oxygen. For these values, the initial temperature of air, gas, and oxygen are 20 Â °C. MAPP is a mixture of gases, chiefly methyl acetylene, and propadiene with other hydrocarbons. Youll get the most bang for your buck, relatively speaking, from acetylene in oxygen (3100Â °C) and either acetylene (2400Â °C), hydrogen (2045Â °C), or propane (1980Â °C) in the air. Flame Temperatures This table lists flame temperature alphabetically according to the name of the fuel. Celsius and Fahrenheit values are cited, as available. Fuel Flame Temperature acetylene 3,100 C (oxygen), 2,400 C (air) blowtorch 1,300 C (2,400 F, air) Bunsen burner 1,300-1,600 C (2,400-2,900 F, air) butane 1,970 C (air) candle 1,000 C (1,800 F, air) carbon monoxide 2,121 C (air) cigarette 400-700 C (750-1,300 F, air) ethane 1,960 C (air) hydrogen 2,660 C (oxygen), 2,045 C (air) MAPP 2,980 C (oxygen) methane 2,810 C (oxygen), 1,957 C (air) natural gas 2,770 C (oxygen) oxyhydrogen 2,000 C or more (3,600 F, air) propane 2,820 C (oxygen), 1,980 C (air) propane butane mix 1,970 C (air) propylene 2870 C (oxygen)

Business Research Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Research Methodology - Essay Example The objective of this research proposal is to understand and analyse factors affecting behaviour of consumers while purchasing products of Apple Company. In order to obtain essential research data related to the company and various strategies implemented by the company, extensive secondary research has been done. The study will try to figure out the relationship between factors affecting consumer behaviour and its relationship with purchasing decisions made by the consumers. The overall aim of the study has been divided into smaller objective and each objective has been studies thoroughly. The study has used both qualitative and quantitative method for data collection as well as data analysis. Primary data is collected through questionnaire as well as focus group methods. Contents Contents 3 Introduction 4 Research Questions 5 Literature Review 5 Research Methodology 6 Justification 6 Research Methods 6 Research Philosophy 6 Research Approach 7 Research Strategy 8 Data Collection Met hod 8 Data Analysis 9 Reference List 10 Introduction The use of computer tablets and smartphone has seen a dramatic increase in the recent past. Also, mobile applications have taken up the last spot in various gossips around mobile industry. Latest mobile applications companies such as Apple have revolutionalised the distribution of technologically advanced products. They have also become extremely visible and one of the most profitable part of the company. For decades, consumers have been the most puzzling and complex factor for the marketing and business professionals. Consumer behaviour, decision making processes, reasons for various choices etc, have always been the topic of interest as well as awe for these marketers (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel, 2006). However, with the help of technology as well as various business analysis tools, marketers have been able to crack many of these puzzles. That is why the study of consumer behaviour is one of the critical factors in every busin ess strategy (Pride and Ferrell, 2012). The study of consumer behaviour considers various reasons such as situational, personal, social and psychological, reason for shopping products and services, buying and using them, becoming loyal customers and disposing them. Mobile communications have hugely impacted the way individuals and communities interact with each other and perform business. Smart phones have become a must have item for executives and business professionals because the offering of smartphone are more advances and versatile compared to regular mobile phones. Several factors can be attributed to customers getting attracted to a particular product or service as well as switching from one product to another. These can be product quality, design and style and support services offered by the products (Hoyer and Macinnis, 2008). In case of mobile and technological products, competition is more intense. Availability of technology has made the competition tough and decreases th e overall life of mobile products. Thus, companies now require to be constantly innovating in order to survive in the market. Consumer behaviour can also be affected by various other factors such as situational, psychological, personal, family and culture. Marketers try to find out the various trends so that they are able to reach their target customers in the most convenient and cost-effective way. Marketers also try

Healthy Fast Food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthy Fast Food - Research Paper Example Though the fast foods can be associated and blamed to the food industry, home made fast foods can be a good substitute, but if similarly uncontrolled, risk of feeding on unhealthy foods still remains. For a healthy fast food, the ingredients used need to be controlled substantially; the consumers should also plan on consuming healthily, by ensuring they eat correct portions of balanced diet in the fast foods as a healthy behavior. People should not be controlled by the flavors, sweetness or preference, but rather by making correct choices for their healthy diets. Keywords: Health, Fast Food, Junk Food, Sugar, Salt, Trans Fat, Saturated Fats, Balanced Diet, Chemicals, Additives, Ingredients, Diseases Introduction The norm of the modern society has been accessing fast foods to save time in their activities. Students and employees prefer to have meals that can be prepared and served quickly, without even paying attention to how it was prepared, the ratio, and ingredients used in the rea dy product. On top of the preparation criterion, these fast foods target a wide range of people and seem to be located in accessible places, near schools, companies, busy streets and town centers, where the population is relatively large to promote the fast food business. As a result, the fast food restaurants acquire high proportion of their product consumptions, where the customers’ preference even dictates how, what, and intensity of the products they prepare. Eating fast food once in a while is not a problem, but why the society or families cannot take time to prepare their own healthy meals is not an excuse to have reckless habits of consuming fast food. There are lots of healthy effects on high consumption of fast foods, especially problems that affect the physical health of the consumers. Although the manufactures and preparing restaurants have of recent been aware of consumer group movements, against their sales of unhealthy food, much lies with the consumers to ensur e what they consume is nutritious and healthy. Unhealthy drinks and food should be avoided for their safety. Safe Ingredients Chemicals: Most of the available fast foods on the market are prepared with additional chemicals that are dangerous to consumers’ health. The past generations could afford to make fast food without chemical additives and lead a healthy, satisfied life. Unlike the past society, the chemicals used today in the fast foods were not available and though the technology was not advanced as it is today, the meals were tasty and healthy. There are lots of foods in the fast food industry that are prepared using chemicals to make the food appealing, add flavor and even preserve them, attracting the people to buy the foods. As a result, people end up consuming processed fast foods containing lots of toxins and chemicals, such as (Monosodium glutamate (MSG), Aspertame, 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PHIP), sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite, sweete ning and coloring chemicals whose accumulation in the body have a negative effect if not flushed out (Strauss, 2012). Just because the food is appealing does not make it healthy, and given the opportunity, the society and the fast food industry should avoid preparing their food on their menus with such chemicals. Fast foods can be made healthier and appealing even without using

Addictions in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Addictions in the 21st Century - Essay Example It started in the 19th century. Addiction 2 is a compulsion to substance abuse that causes major problems in the society. Addiction 3 results into dependency especially when one becomes addicted to specific activities and behaviors. Finally, addiction 4 is seen when an individual engages in activities repeatedly; however, such activities are harmless. Addiction is common in the 21st century because people fail to concentrate on a single habit. Instead, they are obsessed by various activities such as video games, chartroom, internet, emailing, watching pornography, and using cell phones. In addition, the high rate of addiction in the 21st century is caused by the inability of the media to educate people on the dangers of addiction. This is because they reassure people using humored indications that glorify addiction. Most people in the 21st century are restless and dissatisfied. They participate in activities such as surfing, watching pornography, gambling, playing computer games, abu se of substances. These activities usually lead to dependence. People in the 21st century feel that they lack connections and relationships in their life. They prefer to address the emptiness with activities that lead to addiction. The 21stcentury is characterized by several activities that cause stress. This makes people to engage in processes that lead to addiction.

Effect of Length on the Survival Rate of Woodlice Essay

Effect of Length on the Survival Rate of Woodlice - Essay Example Conspicuous variation existed in some of the traits such as weight and sprint time. The length of the woodlice was slightly similar but within the required range, the dorsal plate number was same among the woodlice. With regards to the experiment, the length was chosen as the preferred variable. The length of these woodlice was related with sprint time in the presence of spider as the predator (forceps were used as simulator). The aim was to see how the change of length can affect the survival of these woodlice and in biological perspective when related to evolution for example, the length varied or changed in order for these woodlice to be able to evade there predators. The design of this experiment was to see how the woodlice with different lengths could respond to the spider which was the predator. The experiment hypothesis was, the higher the woodlouse length the higher the possibility that it will die. Hence the null hypothesis was, woodlice are not able to respond to predators. Method In the experiment, the basis on how to control a woodlice population was fundamental. With regards to this, forty woodlice were put on a tray with soil. Then the spider as the predator was included on the tray. The forceps were used to simulate the spider. After all these were set, it was left for some time to enable the woodlice to interact with the spiders. Later after sometime, observations were made on the tray; the number of dead and survived woodlice was recorded with their corresponding length. Woodlice were first killed in order to obtain their length. 20 individuals of the woodlice population were measured without performing any replications, and were taken as an experimental control. The other 20 was measured as well. Basically, these processes... In the experiment, the basis on how to control a woodlice population was fundamental. With regards to this, forty woodlice were put on a tray with soil. Then the spider as the predator was included on the tray. The forceps were used to simulate the spider. After all these were set, it was left for some time to enable the woodlice to interact with the spiders. Later after sometime, observations were made on the tray; the number of dead and survived woodlice was recorded with their corresponding length. Woodlice were first killed in order to obtain their length. 20 individuals of the woodlice population were measured without performing any replications, and were taken as an experimental control. The other 20 was measured as well. Basically, these processes were done in order to ascertain whether the length has a significant effect to the survival. The experiment was ran alongside the control, whereby the forceps were used as a simulator to the spider. The control results indicated free ly that almost 100% of the woodlice never died. Therefore the experiment was valid at 95% confident. ResultsBasing on the 20 samples selected randomly from the population, the average values of the four traits was calculated and recorded as shown in the table 1.The standard deviation which indicated the amount of variation among the proportions was also calculated. Besides standard error was as well calculated to determine the accuracy related to average values that represent the whole population.

Oral history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oral history - Essay Example Mr Skipper, a supporter of the Democratic Party has had quite an interesting career with because of the all the issues and controversy surrounding his dismissal as county superintendent and his unending support for the vocational, adult, and special education of the minorities. He was an activist and this is apparent from his demands that all students should have equal access to text books and his conflicts with the religious leaders over high school play Mrs. Best Not only has Mrs Best campaigned very eagerly for the right of the women particularly married women to be in high level teaching jobs, she has also fought for the rights of school which have a majority of ethnic students to have better access to the state funding and textbooks. Skipper His record reflects his struggle as he spoke against racism and lay stress over the "cultural pluralism vs. "melting pot" issue. He created much controversy with his proposals to teach Communism and sex education in the classroom. Dick debates whether the Superintendent should be an administrator or a primarily an educator and the fear of politicizing this office. Yes she has played a vital role to get the

Taking The movie Candy man 1992. With reference to the opening scene Essay

Taking The movie Candy man 1992. With reference to the opening scene and at least one other scene from the film, discuss how the - Essay Example However, when the scene changed into an image of swarming bees with a terrifying, hollow voice in the background the meditative mood of the city changed into something threatening. Similarly, the scene where Helen Lyle is listening to the actual story of Candyman creates the same threat-- a threat that something very dreadful is approaching. The muffled screaming in the background, alongside menacing sound effects, adds to the terror of Candyman’s tragic story. Other film genres try to emotionally rouse viewers, but it is only the horror genre that rouses a certain and powerful emotional impact on the viewers. And although other film genres portray terrifying events, only horror films showcase the terrible, making terror its rationale. Horror never fails to discover a new frightening facade to reflect existing issues, unearthing the sinister facet to every desire, whether in a suburb or in deep space. A General Overview of the Symbols and Meanings in Candyman Candyman shows tr aditional horror and macabre premises: accompanied by a hounded female protagonist, the antagonist is a supernatural monster always hungry for a kill. Helen Lyle is an abused and emotionally tortured woman inflicting defensible vengeance, a demented murderer with a delusive second self. Thus the film establishes itself strongly and casually in a macabre ritual of horror. Common difficulties make the analysis of the film quite challenging. The finale, even though depicting brutal death for the enjoyment of the viewers, rejects the totally explicit moral pleasure of blameless ceremonial killing. Real and widely recognised scenery magnifies racial and social realities, interrupting the geographical dislocation normally obliged by the genre (Botting, 2001). Emphasising the combination of shock and inescapability, several film scholars sum up Candyman’s classic components: â€Å"knee-jerk shocks, stalking bogeyman, and touches of dark humour† (Botting, 2001, p. 140). They a lso noted that the film â€Å"locates the horrors in an identifiable and credible landscape of urban decay† (Botting, 2001, p. 140). Such juxtaposition upsets long-established beliefs and obscures analytic interpretation. As McCabe argues, â€Å"while it may be plausible to read Candyman as a complicated utopian fantasy of multicultural reproduction, it is also possible to read it as vicarious male desire for a black man who will finally give an uppity white girl what she’s been asking for† (Botting, 2008, pp. 66). Although the movie somewhat depicts social criticisms, especially as regards racial relations, the horror settles in the grisly entity of the black man and hence verifies racially prejudiced views of victimisation of white females and black sexual sadism. Where, traditionally, the issue of race embraces conflict, in Candyman the concept of race turns into a major manifestation of evil and when summoned, it erases all other options of gruesome characte r. Although the movie presents only a handful of constructive depictions of evil and appears to verify the most horrible fears of the white race in the black character that comes out, with vicious and brutal purpose, in the personal spaces of the home, the obstacles could be exaggerated (Botting, 2001). Candyman is not merely summoned by the white people; he also draws

Oral history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oral history - Essay Example Mr Skipper, a supporter of the Democratic Party has had quite an interesting career with because of the all the issues and controversy surrounding his dismissal as county superintendent and his unending support for the vocational, adult, and special education of the minorities. He was an activist and this is apparent from his demands that all students should have equal access to text books and his conflicts with the religious leaders over high school play Mrs. Best Not only has Mrs Best campaigned very eagerly for the right of the women particularly married women to be in high level teaching jobs, she has also fought for the rights of school which have a majority of ethnic students to have better access to the state funding and textbooks. Skipper His record reflects his struggle as he spoke against racism and lay stress over the "cultural pluralism vs. "melting pot" issue. He created much controversy with his proposals to teach Communism and sex education in the classroom. Dick debates whether the Superintendent should be an administrator or a primarily an educator and the fear of politicizing this office. Yes she has played a vital role to get the

Blog post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog post - Essay Example In the past, women were not required to take part in any form of economic activity that could empower them than their men counterpart. In this case, they were given duties that would pay less than men. Advertisement have become one of the marketing tools of firm products. A large portion of the family unit merchandise has ruled the commercial business. For this reason, every firm considers doing an advert that would attract a lot of consumers and still remain relevant to the society. In order to achieve this mission, industrialists have used young women in their adverts. Women are portrayed in different forms as media in such a way that they will attract men’s emotions. They will thus be dressed in clothes that seem attractive to men. Most of these attires only hides the body parts that are very critical when exposed. The advert leaves men appreciating the lady in the advert and will dependably be sitting tight for the advert. Ashley Graham’s advert of the swimming cloth is one of the examples. She is portrayed wearing a swimming ‘bra and an under pant’ just on the side of a swimming pool. A man is wearing a full suit and a tie stand amazed behind her admiring her body (Suhr). The difference between the two can help to define the role of women in the social setup where the advert was done. Ladies role in this general public is to amuse men. The nakedness of a lady excites mens emotions. They are for this reason advised to dress in an indecent way so that they can look attractive by men. Men then again typically remunerate ladies who look alluring. For this reason, the society accepts such behaviors. As stated earlier, the theory of the social role enhances the activities that different members of the society need to practice. The social differentiation outlined by Ralph Dahrendorf explains that this is a must-expectations. Thus, the advert in the media concentrates on the desire of the buyers.

Pest Control and Waste Management Essay Example for Free

Pest Control and Waste Management Essay Pests cause a lot of destruction to the crops. Even though there are lots of chemical pest controls available to help reduce or remove the presence of these destructive pests, the non-chemical pest control is the most reliable and safest form of pest control. One of the most destructive pests that are encountered by many farmers is the beetle. Non-chemical pest control can be done in many different ways like applying balanced fertilizer to keep the crops and soil healthy and free from beetles, removing weeds from that may surround the crops, and using milky spore powder when dealing with Japanese beetles. In addition with these, according to HGTV, â€Å"planting pest-resistant species that contains insecticide in nature can also help in getting rid of these pests(Non-Chemical Pest Control, 2006). † The production of a healthy and productive crop system all depends on the supervision of the farmer itself. Nevertheless, non-chemical pest control is all about prevention. I will not be in opposition to the idea of having hazardous waste landfill, waste treatment plant, deep-injection well, or incinerator in our community. The waste of a community grows enormously as time passes by. These wastes can affect the health and livelihood of a community. The presence of hazardous waste landfill, waste treatment plant, deep-injection well, or incinerator in a certain community reduce the waste that may cause pollution and other negative effects on the residents of a certain community. The hazardous waste landfill keeps the hazardous waste from going into the soil and eventually to our body. Incineration is only an alternative to land filling. Incineration is not a very good way of waste reduction because it produces toxic air pollutants that can even cause a great problem to the health of the community. These systems are of great help in the reduction of waste although it is inevitable that wrong management of these waste management system may always lead to an unlikely consequences like the pollution that can be brought about by incineration.

Family Law Problem Question

Family Law Problem Question In order to answer this question one must assess and consider the law relating to family matters and the access to justice for a foreign national. This will require an in-depth analysis of the rules relating to the family unit. According to the scenario, Jane is concerned about the threat of violence from her husband, Tarzan, to her and her two children. Further she wishes to obtain maintenance for herself and her children, and she also requires advise over the grounds that she could petition for a divorce. In terms of the first requirement that Jane will need advice over is her concern over the threat of violence to herself and her children. According to part IV of the Family Law Act of 1996, certain measures have know been enacted to safeguard the victims of domestic violence. The first element under the statutory framework that requires consideration is the rights to the house that may exist[1]. It is assumed by the wording of the scenario that Jane and her husband have bought their property. Therefore, Jane has a legally enforceable right to remain in the matrimonial home in preference to her husband, Tarzan. The next issue that requires consideration is the application for a non-molestation order. This is where an order is granted that restrains an individual from applying force to another. If Jane can advance evidence that she is in fear of being attacked or she has been attacked in the past then she can apply for an order to restrain Tarzan for hitting or placing in her fear any further. If Tarzan breaches this order then he is guilty of contempt and also of the criminal offence of assault. The next issue that Jane requires advise over is the maintenance that she maybe entitled to. This requires two considerations, firstly the maintenance for herself and secondly maintenance for the children. Accordingly a spouse has both a legal and moral duty to provide for the other spouse. This is evidenced by two pieces of legislation. According to the Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates Courts Act of 1978, a financial order can be made if against Tarzan if Jane can establish one of the grounds identified by section 1. These grounds consist of one of the parties to the marriage failing to provide reasonable maintenance for the applicant; failure to provide reasonable maintenance for any child; or the respondent has acted in such a way that the applicant can no longer live with the respondent. It is clear from the scenario that all of these grounds be evidenced created. Further, the orders that maybe granted are periodical payments[2] or a lump sum payment[3]. Alternative, Jane may apply under section 27 of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973. This provides that either party to the marriage can apply for maintenance if the respondent has failed to provide reasonable maintenance for the applicant. It is arguable from the wording of the scenario that Jane will be able to apply for either of these orders. In terms of maintenance for the two children, Jane will have to rely upon the legislation that is created for child support. According to Schedule 1 of the Child Support Act of 1991, the calculations for maintenance payments are based purely upon the non-resident parent’s weekly income. The basic rule that the Act specifies is 15% of the non-resident parent’s income. This is where only one qualifying child is in existence. However, the scenario provides that Jane and Tarzan have two children. Thus, Tarzan will be liable for 20% under this Act. However, if the basic rate is not applicable for Tarzan, then he would come under the reduced rate. This i s only applicable if Tarzan is on a low earning. According to Schedule 1, the reduced rate is applicable if the non-resident parent’s income is less than  £200 per week but more than  £100 per week. Further, if Tarzan’s income is lower than this then the flat rate may apply. Again according to Schedule 1, a flat rate is  £5 if the net weekly income is  £100 or less, or the non-resident parent receives a prescribed benefit[4], or the partner of the non-resident parent receives any prescribed benefit[5]. If Tarzan’s income is less than the flat rate then the nil rate applies. According to Schedule 1, the nil rate applies where the non-resident parent earns less than  £5 per week, or is a student, a child[6], or a prisoner. It is clear arguably that this latter rate will not apply in this case. Thus, Tarzan will be liable to pay 20% of his weekly earners. The next area that requires consideration is the nature of divorce. According to section 1(1) of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973, the solitary ground for petitioning for a divorce is the irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. This can then be evidenced by one of the five facts located under section 1(2). According to section 1(2) (b), the petitioner can apply for a divorce on the grounds that ‘the respondent has behaved in such a way that the petitioner cannot be expected to live with the respondent’. It is clear that the threat of violence from Tarzan would amount to unreasonable behaviour that Jane cannot be expected to live with[7]. Thus a decree nisi would be available in this case. The next area of consideration that requires consideration is whether Jane will encounter any bars to in her pursuit of access to justice. According to the scenario, Jane and her husband, Tarzan, married in Uganda and subsequently moved over to England. Since they arrived in the country, Tarzan’s attitude has altered radically towards Jane. It is clear that the couple married in Uganda and are therefore bound by the matrimonial circumstances of the law in that country. However, the terms of the divorce will be governed by English law as the couple are now domiciled in this country. The likely barrier that could exist is over Jane’s availability of legal aid. As she is domiciled in this country then she comes under this countries jurisdiction. The ethos behind the Access to Justice Act of 1999 provides that anyone who is domiciled in this country is entitled to legal assistance if they fill the criteria. The final consideration is that of how ones ability to access justice could be improved. Accordingly, the access to justice could be improved by the availability of funding and the length of time that it takes to process the forms that grant funding. This could be achieved by releasing funding from central Government and could be accessed by the simplification of the legal aid forms. In conclusion, Jane can apply under the Family Law Act to have staying rights to the matrimonial home and for a non-molestation order preventing Tarzan from hitting her. In terms of financial contributions, Jane can apply under the Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates Courts Act of 1978 or section 27 of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973. Equally, she can apply to the Child Support Agency for maintenance for the two children. In terms of the divorce, Jane can apply on the grounds that the marriage has irretrievable breakdown due to Tarzan’s unreasonable behaviour. Bibliography Family Law, 1st Edition, by Frances Burton, published by Cavendish Publishing Limited in 2003. Principles of Family Law, 17th Edition, by Stephen M. Cretney, Judith M. Masson, and Rebecca Bailey-Harris, published by Sweet Maxwell in 2003. Footnotes [1] Under section 30 of the Family Law Act of 1996, a non-owning spouse has the right to occupy the matrimonial home. [2] Under section 2(1) (a) and Khan v Khan [1980] 1 WLR 355. [3] Under section 2(1) (b). However this can not be for more than  £1000. [4] This includes incapacity benefit, a pension, or an allowance. [5] This includes income support or Jobseekers allowance which is income based. [6] As defined by section 55(1) of the Child Support Act of 1991. [7] Ash v Ash [1972] 1 All ER 582.

Music in Twelfth Night Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

Critics call Twelfth Night one of William Shakespeare’s most poetic and musical plays. Shakespeare writes poetic lines for the major characters, Viola, Orsino, and Olivia, and gives the Fool, and other minor characters, songs to sing throughout the play. The particularly romantic lines of the play make it seem as if the characters are professional poets themselves. Shakespeare also uses the music and poetry in Twelfth Night to foreshadow what is going to happen for the rest of the performance and to reveal major themes in the play. Music and poetry become major characters in the play themselves. The opening soliloquy of Act I Scene I, given by Duke Orsino, is another perfect example of Shakespeare using music to show the upcoming storyline of the play. At first, Orsino is using music as a metaphor that feeds the appetite of love. He speaks for a minute about his love for the music playing, and then changes abruptly by saying, â€Å"Enough; no more† (7). Already Shakespeare is foreshadowing Orsino’s fickleness when it comes to music which in turn stands for love. Of course, further into the play, it is shown that Orsino truly is fickle when it comes to love. As soon as he finds out that Cesario is in fact the woman Viola, he instantly forgets all the passion he had for Olivia and marries Viola. Another part of Orsino’s opening speech that shows a piece of the future plot is the part where he talks about love being â€Å"receiveth as the sea† (11). This can be taken to show that love will come by the sea. In the very next scene, Viola appears in Illyria from a shipwreck. Sebastian, although Shakespeare does not say so at the time, also comes onto the scene because of the same shipwreck. Shakespeare forecasts, very subtly, that these are t... ...one of the antics at the start play to woo Olivia succeed for Orsino and Viola’s initial plan in the beginning does not blossom. This line concludes the part of Feste’s song in which he is giving a synopsis of the play. The last two stanzas are addressed to the audience and Feste thanks them. Shakespeare craftily uses music and poetry to guide the audience through the play and give them an inkling of what is to come, if the audience chooses to play close attention. However, it is not always clear what the song means and, depending on the character delivering the song or poem, comes off as more comedic than meaningful to the performance. By the end of the play, the audience has accepted that music and poetry are just as much themes in the play as disguise and love, but are blended so painstakingly that neither poetry or love overshadow anything in the performance.

Why Is This Topic a Controversy Today

Why is this topic a controversy today? Social media is considered to be any website that allows social interaction. (pediatrics) These include Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, YouTube and gaming sites to name a few. Social media is a controversial topic, as it is believed that the youth of today spend far too much time using social media instead of interacting face -to-face with people. Therefore it is possible that they lack the proper communication skills they will require to be successful in life.Most jobs require face-to-face interaction. Children have too much access too and are spending too much time using forms of social media. 52% of all children now have access to one of the new mobile devices at home (smartphone, ipad, etc. ) (commonsensemedia. org) According to a recent poll, 22% of teenagers log on to their favorite social media site more than 10 times a day and more than half of adolescents log onto a social media site more than once a day. pediatrics) By the age of 5 more th an 50% of children regularly interact with a computer or tablet device, and by 7 or 8 they regularly play video games and teenagers text an average of 3,400 times a month. (www. cnn) These are just a few of the available stats to support the inappropriate amount of time spent on social media of the youth today. It is through the childhood and teenage years that one develops socially and emotionally.It appears that most of this generations’ social and emotional development is occurring while on the Internet and cell phones. 75%of teenagers now own cell phones, and 25% use them for social media, 54% use them for texting, and 24% use them for instant messaging. (pediatrics) According to another study, kids that spent more time using social media reported lower grades, and lower levels of personal contentment, more likely to get in trouble, more sad, and more bored. (commonsensemedia. rg) A major controversy is that some children are accessing inappropriate sites as there are no protective safeguards to prevent this. One such example is Facebook which requires users to be at least 13 years of age to open an account. Last year more than 7. 5 million American kids under the age of 13 had joined Facebook. (www. cnn. com) The time spent using social media takes a child/youth away from actual physical activity. We are already considered to have a large obese population; this will just continue to foster that.This in turn leads to other problems such as increased health issues and in turn increased medical costs for a society that already has a health system that is being taxed due to insufficient funding and staffing. A final but very significant area of controversy due to the use of social media by today’s youth is the increase in cyber bullying. It is far easier to say something online than it is to someone’s face. There are several alarming statistics with regard to cyber bullying. Below are just a few from the site (www. internetsafety101. rg) -66% of teens who have witnessed online cruelty have also witnessed others joining:21% say they have also joined in the harassment -52% of parents are worried their child will be bullied via social networking sites -1 in 6 parents know their child has been bullied through a social networking site -one million children were harassed, threatened or subjected to other forms of cyber bullying on Facebook during the past year. How are children and youth being represented? Children are being represented as the major users of social media, and therefore they are focusing their sites to attract the child users.Children are drawn to use social media as it is a very human need to be heard and connect with others and there is a desire to make a difference and influence the world around them. (blog neilson) Although there are many negatives attached to social media, one of which is that social media takes children and youth away from reading traditional books. Another side of this equation is t o find innovative ways to use social media to motivate children and youth to learn about books or obtaining information from other sources than traditional reading material.

Sox Research Paper

Running head: Nonprofits and SOX Heather Tanenbaum Student ID: 3750548620 Accounting Capstone: Senior Seminar in Accounting ACC499 004016 Summer 2009 Nonprofits and the Sarbanes Oxley Act Submitted: Submitted to: Tee M. Thein Table of Contents Abstract Introduction SOX regulations for nonprofits Reasons for nonprofits to adopt SOX Conclusion Research file memorandum Communication memorandum References Abstract Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 (U.S. House of Representatives 2002) was passed by congress as a result of a wave of accounting scandals and related financial irregularities in corporations such as Enron, WorldCom and Tyco. SOX is called the most significant securities legislation since 1933 and 1934 securities ACT. The Act attempted to make ethics more black and white rather than a gray area. The increased guidelines have changed businesses and business relationships.These new requirements have placed greater demands on directors, audit committees, auditors a nd management. Most, of these provisions where only made towards publicly held companies, similar regulations targeted nonprofit organizations (Panel on the Nonprofit Sector 2005). Two hundred and fifteen nonprofit organizations have voluntarily adopted provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). Many, nonprofits are currently in the process of adopting SOX.The Panel on the Nonprofit Sector (2005), in its final report to Congress in June 2005, recommends more than 120 actions to be taken by charitable organizations, Congress and the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) to strength nonprofits against, transparency, governance and accountability. The most significant provision of the Act is the requirements in Section 404 the reporting on the effectiveness of internal controls over the financial reporting. PCAOB auditing standard 2 requires that the audit of internal control be integrated with the audit of the financial statements.The PCAOB requirements also only apply to public and private for profit companies, these would be new requirements for nonprofits wishing to adopt to SOX. The requirements of SOX section 404 requirements on internal controls have proven to be quite expensive for public companies (D’Aquila 2004; Pomeroy 2006), further research in to the current state of governance in the nonprofit sector would be beneficial before similar measures are mandated. Nonprofits have several reasons they might be compelled to adopt SOX provisions. First, several states are likely to emulate provisions similar to those of SOX.Some of these new laws incorporate elements of SOX including: expanding whistleblower protection, requiring officers of the organization to sign the corporation’s annual report, appointing an audit committee and increasing penalties against those who commit fraud or impede an investigation of fraud. California passed the Nonprofit Integrity Act in 2004. This Act addresses financial reporting, corporate governance, compensat ion, independence and fund raising (Silk and Fei 2005). New Hampshire requires audited financial statements for nonprofits with revenues greater than one million.Massachusetts, Connecticut and Kansas have similar requirements (Anderson and Kelley 2006). Second, unethical behavior seems as common in the nonprofit organizations as it does in the private sector. Recent scandals in nonprofit organizations such as: The NYSE, Upsala College, United Way and Education & Research Foundation, have had a negative effect on the public trust in their charitable organizations (Gibelman 1997). For nonprofits trust from the public is vital because the majority of their funds come from donors.SOX could result in more positive responses from donors, investors and future board members (Orlikoff and Totten 2004). Finally, some provisions of SOX already apply to nonprofits. Nonprofits must establish whistleblower protection and document destruction policies. Other provisions are inevitable, because of t he large amount of grants nonprofits receive which come with the own regulations and restrictions (BoardSource 2003). The purpose of this paper is to provide a reasonable understanding of how nonprofits have been affected by SOX. SOX regulations for nonprofitsSOX requires that companies have an audit committee that includes independent members and members of the board. SOX also requires the company to disclosure whether one of the internal auditor is a financial expert and whether they are directly responsible for overseeing the external auditors. This is to ensure that the financial statements are understand, that there is proper communication with the external auditors and that there is an understanding of internal controls. In order to enhance standards for nonprofit accountability and financial reporting all nonprofits should have an independent audit committee (BoardSource 2003).Sox requires that nonprofits disclose whether a code of ethics has been adopted for senior financial officers. If they do not have a code of ethics reasons for not having one have to be disclosed. This is to encourage the development of a code of ethics in order to enhance trustworthiness to contributors and other constituents. The whistleblower protection policy applies to nonprofits as well as for profit organizations. This regulation protects whistleblowers from special damages and attorney’s fees. It also, prohibits the employer from punishing the whistleblower in any manner.SOX provides additional protection for whistleblowers by, instating criminal penalties for actions taken against whistleblowers. Nonprofits should develop confidential and anonymous procedures for handling employee complaints. Although the CEO and CFO do not need to sign financial statements they do need to understand them and ensure that they are fairly presented in all materially respects. The responsibility for approving the financial statements ultimately belongs to the board of directors. Secti on 404 of SOX requires companies to include an internal controls report along with their annual report.Their internal control report should state the responsibility of management to establish and maintain an internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting. It should also contain, an assessment at the end of the most recent fiscal year as to the effectiveness of internal controls and the procedures for financial reporting (O’Hare 2002; BoardSource 2003; Walters 2003; Tran 2005). SOX requires auditors of public companies to prepare and maintain audit workpapers and other information related to any report in sufficient detail to support the auditors conclusions, for a period not less than seven years.Failing to do so is a criminal offence subject to fines and up to ten years in prison. Existing standards for audits of nonprofits do not include a mandated audit documentation retention period. Instead, those standards require nonprofits and auditors to retain rec ords long enough to sastify any pertinent legal requirements of record retention. Reasons for nonprofits to adopt SOX Larger organizations with more resources will be more likely to adopt SOX. The public and media are more likely to be harsher on larger nonprofits, which makes them more likely to have stronger governance mechanisms.The board of directors have the ultimate responsibility of overseeing proper financial statement presentation (BoardSource 2003; Walters 2003). Research on the relationship between board size and firm value has had mixed results. Yermack (1996) provides evidence that smaller boards are associated with a higher firm value. In 2008, Coles find that are diversified among industries or have high leverage, are more likely to benefit from a larger board of directors. Corporate governance characteristics, have been shown to be related to the size of the board.Bradbury (1990) finds board size and intercompany ownership to be determinants of voluntary audit commit tees in public companies. In another study shows that larger boards are more likely to create audit committee boards (Beasley, Salterio, 2001). In a NASDAQ over the counter study done by Pincus (1989), he found that managerial ownership, leverage, size of the company, proportion of outside directors to total directors, use of Big 8 auditors and participation in the National Market System are related to voluntary formation of audit committees.As a result as the size of the board of directors of a nonprofit increases, so does the likely hood that they will voluntarily adopt SOX. Nonprofits with independent boards of directors are also more likely to adopt SOX. The main reasons nonprofits would voluntarily adopt SOX would be to increase the trust in the public in order to receive more funds. However some nonprofits, feel that the provisions in SOX burden the nonprofits so much that it is beneficial not to adopt SOX.These nonprofits strongly believe that SOX should not be required for n onprofits for the following reasons: †¢ One, nonprofits are grassroots organizations with small staffs and have boards filled with community- minded people with little or no business and management background. If SOX was required out of these nonprofits, the staff would be overwhelmed, along with the board and it would take away from the nonprofits primary mission. †¢ Two, nonprofits are already held to higher standards by the public then private or government agencies because, if the public doesn’t trust the organization they won’t donate their money.Also, nonprofits receive a large portion of their funds from government grants which are held to strict oversight and laws and regulations. †¢ Three, certain regulations of SOX will increase overhead costs and make the nonprofits look less efficient to contributors. On the other hand, by voluntarily adopting SOX, nonprofits are showing to the public that they are concerned about protecting funds, increasing operating efficiency and effectiveness, also enhancing accountability. Conclusion Research file memorandum Communication memorandum References Anderson, S. , and C. L. Kelley. 2006.Advising nonprofit organizations. The CPA Journal 76 (8): 20-26. Beasley, M. S. , and S. E. Salterio. 2001. The relationship between board characteristics and voluntary improvements in audit committee composition and experience. Contemporary Accounting Research 18 (Winter): 539-570. BoardSource. 2003. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and implications for nonprofit organizations. Available at: http://www. boardsource. org/clintfiles/Sarbarnes-Oxley. pdf. Bradbury, M. E. 1990. The incentives for voluntary audit committee formation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 9 (1): 19-36. Broude, P.D. 2006. The impact of Sarbanes-Oxley on private & nonprofit companies. Foley and Lardner, LLP. Available at: http://www. foley. com/publications/pub_detail. aspx? puibid=3511. Coles, J. L. , D. D. Naveen, and L. Naveen. 2008 . Boards: Does one size fit all? Journal of Financial Economics 87 (2): 329-356 D’Aquila, J. M. 2004. Tallying the cost of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The CPA Journal 74 (11): 6-9. Gibelman, M. , S. Gelman, and D. Pollack. 1997. The credibility of nonprofit boards: A view from the 1990s and beyond. Administration in Social Work 21 (2): 21-39. Grant Thornton LLP. 2006.Grant Thornton National Board governance survey for not-for-profit organizations. Available at: http://www. granthornton. com/staticfiles/GTCom/files/Industries/NotForProfit/nfp_board1. pdf. GuideStar. 2005. Nonprofits, Sarbanes-Oxley, and the states. Available at: http://www. guidestar. org/DisplayArticle. do? articleId=779. Hempel, J. , and A. Borrus. 2004. Now the nonprofits need cleaning up; Cozy boardrooms at colleges and charities face increasing government scrutiny. BusinessWeek (June 21): 107. Hymowitz, C. 2005. The Sarbanes-Oxley era, running a nonprofit is only getting harder.Wall Street Journal (June 21): B1. O’Hare, P. 2002. Sarbanes-Oxley raises red flag for not-for-profits. Healthcare Financial Management 56 (10): 42-44. O’Regan, K. , and S. M. Oster. 2005. Does the structure and composition of the board matter? The case of nonprofit organizations. Journal of Law Economics and Organization 21 (1): 205-227. Orlikoff, J. , and M. Totten. 2004. Applying for-profit governance reforms. Healthcare Executive 19 (3): 52. Panel in the Nonprofit Sector. 2005. Strengthening transparency, governance and accountability of charitable organizations. Available at:

Cause, effect, solution to deforestation Essay

Deforestation means clearing forest cover or tree plantations to accommodate agriculture, industrial or urban use. It may cause the end of forest cover because of human purpose. So what can cause deforestation? As earlier mentioned, agricultural activities are one of the major reasons. Nowadays the demand for food products of people is overgrowing, so a large number of trees is cut down to grow crops or for cattle grazing. Another reason is for logging. Wood based industries, like paper, match-sticks and furniture, are now used frequently, so several trees are chopped down for this purpose. Also, wood is used as fuel in an either direct or indirect way, for example firewood or charcoal, so trees are destroyed. Some of the factors is the desertification of land. It happens because there isn’t much land enough for houses, roads and for the overpopulation in urban areas. One more example is forest blazes. Thousands of trees are lost each year because of the forest fire. It happen s due to extreme warm summers or milder winters. As a result, deforestation can affect a lot on nature. As we know, trees play an important role in controlling climate balance and global warming. They release water vapor in the air, give shades so that soil is kept moist and is prevented from erosion and utilize the greenhouse gases. They also protect some areas from floods as trees absorb and store large amount of water with their roots. In addition, the falling of trees can cause wildlife extinction. Because forests and jungles are natural habitats for wild animals, when these places are destroyed, the animals have nowhere to live. They are forced to move to a new location, some of them are even pushed to extinction. To stop these terrible effects from happening, we need to have solutions to this problem. So as to reduce the number of trees falling down, the government should make a series of rules and laws of cutting trees. Also, clear cutting of forests must be banned. And they should have a policy of planting young trees to replace the older ones tha were cut. We should make a mov e as soon as possible, to save the trees for our future.

Strategic planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic planning - Research Paper Example Why Do Strategic Planning? Failing to make plans means making plans for failure – as the old saying goes. Having a strategic plan means an improvement in performance in whichever undertaking a person involves himself or herself into; you cannot fail if you have a clearly defined roadmap to your desired destination. Another reason to make strategic plans is for the sake of avoiding short-term as well as inward thinking. It also enables a person, an organization or a company to be able to come up with solutions to various major issues at macro levels. Finally, having a strategic plan means the ability to have the ability to communicate to everyone concerned about an issue, the most important or vital elements or aspects about an issue. When planning strategically, there are questions a person needs to ask himself, or herself. Some of these questions include: Where is locus at this point in time? – assessment Which point do we desire to be? This is the future state or the state we will be at the end of it all How do we hope to close the gap between our present state and our end state? This is where the strategic plan comes into place How do we plan to monitor our progress? This involves the balanced scorecard While choosing or coming up with a strategic plan for the endeavors we engage in, it is prudent to keep in mind the fact that for a strategic plan to be considered good, it should†¦ Be able to address issues of critical performance Be able to create the right and desired balance in between the abilities of the organization, and the desires of the organization Be able to span a considerable period in time in order to close down the performance gap Be a visionary strategic plan. This means it should be able to convey an and state the way it is desired form the beginning Be flexible. This means that the strategic plan should accommodate and allow for change Guide the decision making in the operational, individual, and tactical lower levels of the organization or institution There are quite a number of strategic planning model. The model I choose for the purposes of this paper and assignment is the ABCDE strategic planning model. ABCDE is an acronym that stands for Assessment, baseline, Components, Down to specifics, Evaluate. Before getting started on the strategic planning tasks and activities, there are pre-requisites to the planning steps. These include: Find out if or whether the senior leadership is committed enough to go through with the strategic process. Find out who will be tasked to do what? Find out the activities and the responsibilities each group will be tasked to do Figure out which methods will be used to handle tasks Find out the best time to do tasks Features of the ABCDE Strategic Planning Model ASSESSMENT This involves engaging in a SWOT analysis to find out your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, as well as the threats to the task you would like to engage in. The SWOT analysis best handles assessm ent because of the ease in understanding associated with it. Additionally, SWOT can be applied at any level of the organization in charge of the strategic planning. When saying strengths, I mean the things that you, as an organization or as an individual can be able to perform well in; points of strength. On the other hand, weaknesses are the obstacles to the path that leads to the destination. These may be such things as bad leadership or lack of it at

Human Resources Administration In Education And Schools Essay

Human Resources Administration In Education And Schools - Essay Example Strategies that can be used to create and deliver effective staff development programStaff development is a training process viewed in two dimensions. It includes in-service training program where individuals in an organization given opportunities to further their education to enable them to prepare for future positions and training is aimed to prepare individuals to be able to handle new job assignments. Staff development connotes the organization’s efforts in its program to provide the need-based training and education to its workers to enable them to become competent in handling their present or future assigned tasks.Several strategies can be used to create an effective staff development program. There are two mostly use: on the job training and assistant to training. On the job training mostly happen on the job and this method is an effective method of training. It is easiest to organize and less costly. Employees get placed in the actual work situation that makes them pro ductive. They learn by doing the real work that is the best training method for jobs that are hard to simulate or can be learned quickly by performance. With assistant to training process, a trainee studies under a master worker for a given period or until a trainee acquire necessary skillsInitiation of an effective induction process is one way that the organization can contribute to personal assimilation, as well as to the personal development, security, and need the satisfaction of each member of the organization.

An Intuitive Scrutiny of the White Noise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Intuitive Scrutiny of the White Noise - Essay Example Novel Characters The male protagonist in the novel is Jack Gladney who is founder and a professor of Hitler studies at the educational institution named College-on-the-Hill (Delillo 1-326). The current wife of Jack in the novel is named Babette who is the mother of Denise, Wilder and Eugene (Delillo 1-326). The other principal characters in this novel are Heinrich, the son of Jack and Janet Savory who is a pseudo-philosopher and media fanatic; Denise, the daughter of Babette and Bob Pardee, who frequently exerts the most effort in aiding her mother work out her problems; Steffie or Stephanie Rose, the daughter of Jack and Dana Breedlove; Wilder, the son of Babette and Jack and the youngest of all the children, who barely says anything though he is oftentimes missing; and Murray Jay Siskind, who is a professor fascinated with car crashes and Elvis and frequently seen in the grocery store (Delillo 1-326). The other characters in the novel namely, Howard Dunlop, the German instructor of Jack; Dana Breedlove, Jack’s first and fourth wife and who works as a part-time spy; Mary Alice, the oldest child of Jack, who is the result of the first marriage of Jack to Dana, she works with whales in Hawaii; Janet Savory, the second wife of Jack who works as a foreign currency analyst and an ashram member; Tweedy Browner, the third wife of Jack and the mother of Bee; Bee, the child of Tweedy and Jack; Willie Minks known also as Mr. Gray, the Dylar doctor who conducts the affair with Babette; Vernon Dickey, the father of Babette who Jack mistaken as Death one morning; Eric Massingale who is a computer science professor; and Alphonse Stompanato who is a popular culture professor (Delillo 1-326). Novel Plot and Summary The novel is divided into forty chapters and the said chapters are divided into three parts. The first part is labelled Waves and Radiation which consists of Chapters 1-20. The second part is termed as The Airborne Toxic Event which involves Chapter 21. Fina lly, the third part is called Dylarama which encompasses Chapters 22-40 (Delillo 1-326). The story commences with the occurrence of an Airborne Toxic event that hits the small college town where Jack Gladney resides. This crisis had led to the evacuation of the Gladneys but eventually later in the story, they were permitted to go back to their home. During the said incident, Jack was exposed to Nyodene D, which is said to be possibly detrimental and fatal; conversely, Simuvac is not contented with the data that they have obtained from the incident and wishes that a simulation is necessary to prepare the town. On the contrary, Jack’s present wife named Babette has been furtively taking an experimental drug called Dylar, as an exchange she provides sex to the drug inventor named Willie Minks (Delillo 1-326). Eventually, Jack finds out about the affair of his current wife and confronts her; in the end, Jack will also confront Willie and will also shot himself in the process (Del illo 1-326). Novel Scrutiny The novel focuses on death wherein it is shown that the characters fear, obsesses or is fascinated with the concept of death as evidenced by Murray’s line â€Å"He looks like a man who find dead bodies erotic† (Delillo 1-326). Other issues were also tackled in the novel which will be analyzed in this paper. An ethic as defined ecologically by Leopold (214-226) is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence. Conversely, Leopold (214-226) also define ethics philosophically as a differentiation of

Criminal Justice and Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Justice and Women - Essay Example For this case, the middle level age women are the most affected or targeted by rapist hence they should take extra caution on themselves. Many victims of rape do not report that they have sexually harassed since they will think that they will not be believed. They also tend to fear that they will be discriminated or feel rejected in the society due to the rape incident. There should be a well established hospital to cater for the rape victims whereby they will be free to discuss their problem. (Abbey et al, 1996) Sexual assault crime is a serious offence on a woman hence the offender should be punished accordingly to ensure that he will not repeat the act again in future. For this case, the legislator should ensure they pass a bill in parliament that would ensure that law would be enacted to protect sexually assaulted women. Sometimes the criminal justice is not fair when the sexual assault cases are being heard. They are not fair to the rape victim and they tend to even put her on a lot of shame when she might be asked to demonstrate what really happened during the rape incident. For this case, they should not harass the rape victim by asking them to demonstrate what really happened on the fateful day. The court should rely on the doctor's report that was written when the rape victim reported the case to a hospital. When it comes to sexual assault case, the primary goal is not to punish the

Devise an online lesson Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Devise an online lesson - Assignment Example This will greatly assist them in understanding and sharing of newly introduced concepts The plan will try to satisfy all the course objectives by helping students to expand their knowledge and grasp such key terminologies as pronunciation, nouns, verbs, tenses adverbs, vocabularies and many more others. The plan will also help the students appreciate English as a language and demystify any stereotypic beliefs surrounding it. The quote will depend on the topic of the day. Most quotes will be drawn from great thinkers like Aristotle, Hobbes and Rousseau. The quotes will help the students focus on the topic of the day and motivate them to complete their assignments within the provided time frame. Students will be instructed on which online methods to use during teaching. Some classes like pronunciation will require computer conferencing while others like tackling assignments will require World Wide Web. The three media above have been chosen because they will increase the speed at which students will converse with their instructor. They will also give them an opportunity to interact among themselves thus creating room form lively forums. Online communication is good because it helps the students open up and tell the instructor what they would have otherwise never said in an open classroom (Anderson, 2008). It also saves time and resources as students will not be required to appear physically in class. By so doing, they will be able to engage in other activities like spending time with their families and attending their jobs without any worry. The methods have also been chosen because of their ability to help students from different cultures interact and appreciate one another’s

Schools as Organisations Essay Example for Free

Schools as Organisations Essay Do not have to follow National Curriculum Funded by the government but not run by the local council. They have more control over how they do things. All-ability schools, so cannot use academic selection processes like a grammar school. They can set their own pay and conditions for staff. Length of school terms and the school day can be changed Free Schools are run by not-for-profit groups, eg: †¢charities †¢universities †¢independent schools †¢community and faith groups †¢teachers †¢parents †¢businesses Independently funded by fees paid by parents and income from investments, gifts and charitable endowments. Do not have to follow the National Curriculum. Can choose own admissions – Head Teacher and Governors can decide. Task BComplete question and table Complete answers to the following: Describe what each of the following do within a school. RoleResponsibility School governors Governors serve for 4 years. They work with the Head Teacher to make decisions on how the school will operate. They have legal duties, powers and responsibilities. They have to work together and cannot act individually. They approve what is taught in school, they set standards of behaviour, interview and select staff and also monitor and set the school budget. Governors also deal with complaints Head teacher internal organisation, management and control of the school. Advising on and implementing the governing body’s strategic framework. The Head Teacher is responsible for safeguarding children’s welfare, the creation and maintenance of learning environment within and throughout school. They deal with any parental issues – good or bad. Staff behaviour will be overseen, managed and dealt with by the head teacher also staff cover – i. e. if staff are absent from teaching the Head Teacher will allocate cover. Work closely with governors and senior management team. Senior management team SMT work closely with head teacher and is made up of experienced staff who have management positions, deputy head teacher, year group leaders, special educational needs coordinator and foundation stage leader. They will meet on a weekly basis and talk discuss matters that have arose and to make decisions regarding the running of the school. They then discuss how this information can be shared with teachers and support staff. Special needs co-ordinator (SENCO) Responsible for overseeing the provision for anyone that has special educational needs within the school. The SENCO must share information with the parents of the child and any other professionals i. e. teachers who is directly involved with the welfare/education of the child. Make sure individual educational plan is in order. Make sure relevant background information is recorded and kept up to date Support staff T. A. VOLUNTEER CARETAKER LUNCHTIME SUPERVISOR INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT ASS. OFFICE STAFFThere are many different types of support staff as listed, which ever their particular role may be they all have one thing in common and that is the safety and welfare of the children. Some of the duties are – Administer 1st aid, supervising children at lunchtime, security of the building, assisting the class teacher, correspondence between school and home. Complete the following table identifying five types of external professionals (ie. Someone not employed by the school) who may work with a school. Describe the role of each. Type of external professionalDescription of role 1. EDUCATION WELFARE OFFICERGenerally based within local authorities, they will visit schools and work closely with the Head Teacher monitoring pupil attendance, giving support in absenteeism. When pupils are excluded they will support them on their return to school. 2. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPISTWork with children who have speech, language and communication problems (producing and understanding) 3. PHYSIOTHERAPIST May work with pupils outside of school but can be asked to attend meetings and discussions to support pupil progress. 4. SPECIALIAST TEACHERS Offer advice and support to pupils with various needs some of which can include – behavioural problems, social and communication needs (such as autism) and English as an additional language. 5. SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PARTNER Comes into school to offer advice and support the Head Teacher, 3 to 5 days of the year. They will have been in a senior advisory role in local authority and have experience of school leadership. Work alongside LEA. Look at ways to best develop the school. Task DComplete table You are required to identify six major pieces of legislation, codes of practice etc, which affect the work in schools. Describe how these promote achievement and wellbeing of the pupil’s. Legislation, codes of practice etcHow these promote achievement and wellbeing of pupil’s. THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 1989Pupils are protected against discrimination. Personality, talent and abilities should be developed through education. Freedom of religion and to the right to express their own views are rights that every child has and should be respected. THE EDUCATION ACT 2002 Schools must work alongside community-based organisations – this is so that children from different backgrounds, religions, faiths and beliefs etc can be shown that despite their differences they have still got the same opportunities and work towards the same goals. CHILDREN ACT 2004 duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and covers the five Every Child Matters outcomes THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 2000 A school has a duty to provide information (from the past), help or advice to anyone who requests it but in some cases there will be information that must be kept confidential. THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 Individual rights – gives a person the right to take action against authorities when their rights have been affected and they have been unfairly treated Data Protection Act 1998. Collects data in order to meet stat responsibilities for the provision of education to children. Some data shared with other agencies involved in the health and welfare of school children 2. Identify from the list of written policies prepared, which ones deal with the following: a)Staff HEALTH SAFETY POLICY, E-SAFEGUARDING POLICY, DATA PROTECTION POLICY, ATTENDANCE PUNCTUALITY POLICY, INDUCTION POLICY, INCLUSION POLICY, EQUAL OPPURTUNITIES POLICY, DISABILITY EQUALITY SCHEME, SEN POLICY, SAFEGUARDING POLICY, BEHAVIOUR: THE USE OF FORCE BY STAFF b)Pupil welfare. HEALTH SAFETY POLICY, E-SAFEGUARDING POLICY, DATA PROTECTION POLICY, ATTENDANCE PUNCTUALITY POLICY, , INCLUSION POLICY, EQUAL OPPURTUNITIES POLICY, DISABILITY EQUALITY SCHEME, SEN POLICY, SAFEGUARDING POLICY Teaching and learning E-SAFEGUARDING POLICY, ATTENDANCE PUNCTUALITY POLICY, , INCLUSION POLICY, EQUAL OPPURTUNITIES POLICY, DISABILITY EQUALITY SCHEME, SEN POLICY, SAFEGUARDING POLICY 3. Explain, with examples, the difference between a policy and a procedure. Policies mirror the mission statements and objectives of a school where as procedures are the actual actions required and put into place by staff to achieve this. While policies can be modified by management procedures are to be followed and adhered to. Eg. In my school Inclusion policy there is an introduction of the school beliefs and aims etc. but it also includes specific responsibilities for the Inclusion Governor, Head Teacher and all staff and procedures which must be followed to maintain an inclusive environment and what to do if they come across any kind of discrimination. 2. Complete the following table identifying four types of organisation which work with children and young people and describe how each of them might impact on the work of a school. Type of organisationHow they impact on the work of a school 1. social services Link up with schools when information needs to be shared, will work with schools family worker or meet with teachers – this can have a positive impact for the school as it can provide information they are unaware of and could shed light on why a child may be having problems within school. 2. children’s services The Children’s Services are connected to ‘every child matters’ 5 outcomes which are in the Children’s Act 2004 and 2006. The organisations which provide these services can be educational, social, health and more 3. youth services Youth services work closely with secondary schools and offer help and training to young people after the age of 14. 4. National Health Service Physiotherapists, occupational therapist and speech therapists are all professionals which can be employed by the NHS. The school nurse also can be employed by the NHS and they will come in on a yearly basis to do hearing tests and measure height etc – general health checks.

Issues of business ethics and social responsibility

Issues of business ethics and social responsibility The achievement of the intentions or set objectives of the business organization requires the establishment of the management structure that ensures proper definition of role and responsibilities to provide the basis for the development of effective selection systems that aid the recruitment and engagement of suitable personnel to occupy positions created within the context of the business enterprise to discharge the assigned roles and responsible forward the achievement of the set goals and objective of the business concern Indeed, the set objectives of the business organization cannot be achieved unless the employees of the business enterprise demonstrate the appropriate ethical behaviours in the execution of assigned duties, ultimately enhancing the corporate image of the business outfit in the environment where it operates. This becomes essential to stralegies developed to stimulated the patronage of the goods and service produced and provided by the business concern According Dr. B. Odusina, Managing Partner of Upman Ltd in a lecture paper delivered titled: Business Ethics and Corporate Governance on 16 June 2001 at a Seminar Organized for Mobil Oil Producing at Ogere Training Centre; There is the need to stress that employees who demonstrate unethical behaviour do not promote the fortunes and the area being of the business organization, and thus, unless such negative behaviours are abandoned it becomes impossible for them to make the desired contribution towards the success of the business enterprise Odusina went further to say that management science, today has made available range of attributes, and traits that form the basis for the development of the appropriate business ethical behaviour that should should characterize the disposition and action of the individuals discussed in the latter part of this seminar paper. THE CONCEPT OF ETHICS What are Ethics? Ethics are mural laws that involve: A high Sense of self Awareness Manage tin: Time Management Life Goals Programming Personal Grooming Consciousness Human Relations Striving for Excellence Self Discipline A High sense of Responsibility and loyalty towards: Ones Own Roles Towards Superiors and Subordinates Towards Company Customers and Suppliers Towards the acquisition and use of other resources Towards ones own family, community and nation Nigeria 3. A high sense of Probity in: (a) Dealing with Confidential matters (b) Handling Companys Finances (c) In very different situations A high sense of Accountability For authority and roles played For resources utilized For the life spent HISRORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BUSINESS ETHICS We start by looking at some causes in recent years of public concern about organizational behaviour. It would, of course be doing a great injustice to past generations to imagine that only our own taken this topic seriously. The 19th century, while giving rise to some highly undesirable business practices, was notable also for its pioneering work in area such as antislavery child labour reforms, and the development legislative framework to curb abuses in company financing. A society which deniers credit to the ethical pioneers of the past, just because they did not address all of today prominent themes, begins to undermine its own foundation. According to David Munay (1997) the ethics of business and organizational life have acquired a considerably higher public as well as professional profile during the past fifteen years Managers and top captains of industrial concerns now receive numerous invitations to conferences, seminars and workshops on topics such as corporate values, corp orate governance and other ethical aspects of management. The books falls carry an increasing number of specialist titles and no self respecting management text can now omit at least some discussion of organizational values or corporate social responsibility. The 1970s in Nigeria saw a focus on rapid wealth creation because of oil boom; a get -rich -quick syndrome and the widespread ignoring of moral imperatives beyond profit loss and cash flow statements. In Nigeria particularly we are now well into a decade of moral reflection Business if far from being the only spare in which this is happening, but it is particularly noticeable arguably because of the widespread neglect of such matters for so long To some extent, this increased interest may be a consequence of a relatively high number of widely publicized scandals as it includes bank frauds, failed contracts, tax evasing by corporate multinationals, swindles in hard currencies by top government functionaries, scandalous advance fee fraud popularly called 419 that is affecting our image abroad to mention a few About three consecutive times last year 2004, most of our popular dailies reported Nigeria to be the second most corrupt country in the world, after Cameroon. This was on the good authority of Transparency International These and other phenomenal unethical practice are giving the government and private sector operators a serious concern. The recent collapse of Arthur Anderson and other much respected international concerns are a case in point EVEYDAY ETHICS The key business ethics concern is the way that the business conducts itself in its ordinary, every day routline activities The way the firm deals with its staff and its customers, the way it designs and supports its products, the way it awards contract and apportions blameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ these are the key determines of whether a business is ethical, and are as important as the way it deals with crises. According to Elaire Sternberg (2000) the events that attract attention major frauds, for example may not represent ethical dilemmas for business: in such cases business people often agree on what is right. The problems that such events pose are real ones, but often concern practical difficulties; how to implement agreed moral standard, how to deal with the villains who sadly exist in business as in elsewhere: Sternberg opined further that the really thorny business ethics issues in contrast, are those where there a genuine disagreement about what is right or wrong. THE TOOLS OF ETHICS VALUES It is useful in this text to recognize that business ethics can refer to several different things most commonly, it refers to ethical conduct in and by business. In this sense, in benefits to business include doing the right typically promotes achievement of business goals. While doing the wrong things hinders the successive pursuit of those goals. To recognize things are the right things however, it is helpful to understand the principles that underlie ethical conduct in business. Accordingly business ethics as the knowledge and study of such principles can also be of value to business. According to sternbery (2000), an ethical decision that clearly sets out the principle of business ethic can help business both to identify and actually resolve business ethics problems. A model is theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦equivalent of a map it can help guide business through the ethical issues that it inevitably must handle A model is not, however a panacea just as a Map does not physically smooth out the human. What an ethical decision model can do is extremely valuable. Most fundamentally, I can help to eliminate conceptual issues, it can help a business avoid wasting its resource on spurious problems and unwarranted guilt. An ethical decision model can indicate when and how ethical discussion is appropriate in a business context. When all within the business share a common vocabulary for ethical matter, they can articulate moral standards and moral questions easily By reducing moral muteness and promoting the early detection and resolution of ethical issues, an ethical decision model therefore enables the business to benefit from the vigilance its staff. Accordingly, an ethical decision model can do much to reduce the costs and adverse consequence of ethical problems. By illuminating what is at stake in any situation, and what the alternate course of action might be an ethical decision can indicate what information is relevant and what can be ignored. CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE TO VALUES In a given culture, at a given time, there is broad agreement on major values. Mos people agree on what is good (e.g. the right vole), and what is bad (corruption in government). Not all people or groups of people hold the same value, but the value o of those in majority will affect beliefs and behaviours of society. According to Yalokwu (2002), The action of managers are affected largely by then personal beliefs (Guth and Jaguini, 1965). For examples manager who are motivated by economic value will tend to stress the importance of growth for their companies. Managers who are motivated by social values on the other hand, might be willing to sacrifice some company growth to improve the conditions of service of the employees. But however, values are not only factors, that influence managers decision. The specific situation a manager faces will have great influence on or even dominate how a manager behaves. RIGHTS: Ethical concerns penneate every aspect of business activity Ethical issues arise obviously in connection with core ethical values; when there are question of, for example honesty or justice. They also are potentially at issue whenever action or decision affect other people, either by helping or by harming them. But ethical issues can even arise when other peoples right and interests are not directly at stake. Whenever there is a chose to be made between values or a better and a worse way of doing something or a thing is deemed to be a good one of its kind, an ethical judgment is involved. In this broad sense, most judgments and choices and decision about goals standard, quality and priorities are ethical. Accordingly, most business action and choices, decision and judgments have ethical aspects; they involve specifically ethical values or help or harm people or indicate character, or all of the above. Sternberg (2000) opined that, hiring and firing, choosing suppliers, setting prices establishing objectives, allocating resources, determining dividends; disciplining workers, planning schedules, awarding contracts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ all involve ethical choices. Even the most trivial decision and ones that appear to be made on purely technical or economic groups typically have ethical aspects, it is not, just in the fringe areas of do gooding that ethical issue occur, but through out all of business ethic is inescapable in business as in life In order, therefore, to know which ethical issues should concern business as business, and to resolve ethical problems in ways that are appropriate for business a clear understanding of business ethics is essential If it is a companys responsibility to be concerned with advancing the interests of its employees, then it will be essential to consider the issue of stability of employment as it is quit apparent that this constitutes one of the paramount interest of most employees. At the very least, losing his job is likely to cause grave in convenience loan employee: he will go through a period of uncertainty and anxiety, will face a period more or less long without stable income, will incur search cost looking for a new job, and at the end of the day may be forced to move to different locally (Elegilo 1996) A firm seen to be truly committed to do its best to provide stability on employment will be sending a very powerful message to its employees that is really concerned about their welfare. The firm is thereby laving the foundation for a two-may commitment. It is well known that guarantee of the life time employee constitutes one of the bases of the extra ordinary loyally that Jepanese employees traditionally exhibit toward their companies. However, what is clear is that the foundation of employee loyalty, in any cas can easily be destroyed by policies that seem to be based on a consideration of the employees so many cost to be cut. Still, it is important to keep a sense of perspective and make it clear that there is no question of auguring that terminating an employee is intrinsically immoral will not be so if the objective by germinating an employee is something good in itself. As would be the case in situations in which management seeks to preserve on enhance the long term viability of the firm, improve the cost structure of the company or (in the case of an unproductive or disruptive employee) remove cause of lower morale or a potential source of danger to other employees. As a matter of fact, terminating some employees may not be unethical but I source cases a may well be a definite ethical duty We may find it emotionally repugnant to dismiss an employee who has a large family; yet managers are not paid to follow the courses of action that they personality fund congenial, but to protect the common good of the company (Elegilo 1996). When preserving the jobs of some employee becomes incompatible with the health or even the survival of the whole organization as it eventually happened in the case of intel. Then failing to take the necessary measure can easily amount to gross irresponsibility. This will be much more so in the case of individual employees who through presistent misconduct erode the standard of the company Other tools of Ethics: 1. Loyalty Steadfastness in allegiance to the management of the business enterprise. The implies the commitment on the part of the set objectives of the business organization 2. Fairness The avoidance of discriminating tendencies in dealing with people of diverse background, endeavouring to treat all human beings as equal, and then give each person equal opportunities 3. Principled Behaviour: The demonstration of a consistent behaviour in similar situations that makes ones behavour predictable, and ensuring the same decision being made in similar situations 4. Confidentiality Being discreet in dealing with the publics in a manner that makes the employee to refuse to divulge official information even in the face of financial inducernent or inspite of threats to his life. MORAL RULES IN HUMAN RELATIONS AND COMMON MORALITY Human Relations Concept The concept of human relations is so vast and encompassing that it touches every aspect of our lives .it is true that whatever we are are doing involves human relation and in interactions in one form or the other Human relations encompass a body of knowledge through which workers and management get things done through each other. Ack Halloran (1978) defines human relation relations as all the interactions that occur among people, whether they are conflicts or cooperative behaviours. The study of how people in work effectively in groups in order to satisfy both organizational goals and personal Kosson Stan (1978) observes that human relations are concerned with the of the people and their groups. It also learns the what that can be done to anticipate, prevent or resolve conflict among organization members The field of human relations is action -oriented emphasizing the analysis presentation and resolution of behavioural problems within organization. Philosophy of Human Relations Dougleas, McGregor (1960) gave the following as the basis of Human relations:- The loyalty and cooperation of the individual in the organization must be earned, won and described. the individual employee in respect of his status, right, prospects for advancement, and his economic well-being, is inescapably linked with the success of the enterprise by which he is employed. The basic relationship of the individual should not be jeopardized by government or union and management activities Personal policies and practices must be designed implemented in such a manner as to promote and safeguard the rights and well-being of the workers. The organisation stays for the individual and not the individual for their organisation Organisation must to provide for the economic and social security of their employees. The society must be free and ready to safeguard their rights and privileges Steps Managers Should Take in Maintaining Human Relations According to William Scolt (1962) managers can create a good human relations environment if they do the following they should lead as they want to be led They should know their personnel they should be genuinely interested in their subordinate They should be afraid to share responsibilities they should tell their people why thins are to be done They should treat subordinates with dignity and respect They should help the people in performing the tasks assigned to them 8. They should praise their people even in public. Human Relations Effectiveness: Use of words The use of words in human relation is the key to it success. Good words in communication, motivation and leadership is essential in any human relations exercise. Good words can do miracles whereas bad words bad words can pollute the atmosphere. It can also cause enormous pain. Stan, Kossen, (1978) gave the following rules: The least important word is l The two most important words is we The two must important words Thank you The three most important words if you please The four most important works: What is your opinion? The five most important words you did a good job The six most important words: ladmit l made a mistake From the foregoing exposition of moral rules in human relations, it can now well be established that the principle of reciprocity will play a big dual-role of keeping strictly to ethical standards on the part of employee and ensuring that their (employee) welfare is not jeopardized by management. Every partly involved (employer/employee) will see themselves as stakeholder that must ensure the sustenance of achieving corporate goals. No side will feel a sense of insecurity or unfairly treated. Differently put, common morality will now say; Respect begets respects Therefore no party will want to jottion the contractual relationship of ensuring the human success through honesty by employees; on the one hand, and treasuring the human resource (employees) by management by seeing to their welfare on the other hand RE -ESTABLISHING LONG-TERM BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS AND EMPLOYEES Step one: Re- establish Code and Policies for Sustainability Step Two: Re-establish Justice Step three: Re-establish Fairness Step Four: Re-establish Practices of honesty COMMON MORALITY 1. Dignity * Apologize for immorality delay * Extend personal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 2. Honesty * Stop the spiral of denials * Implement full and immediate disclosure * Facilitate access and respond openly to all queries 3 Fairness * Ensure compensation is commensurate with loss * Accelerate reconciliation to serve as many as possible, and as quickly as Possible Encode and practice lessons to benefit future transactions 4. Sustainability * Use the humiliation of this experience to lead a worldwide effort to standardize global practices 5. Auditing * Establish formal framework for monitoring ethical orientation * Report ethical progress alongside financial progress * Organize think tank ethical group to supervise compliance 6 Updating * Begin planning for ethical mandate beyond resolution of the Holocust issue * Report progress and plans to the world community, employees and industry association. All of us can give many example of ethical rules. Some which readily come to mind are: One should not tell lies, One should keep ones promises' one should respect ones parents, One should help people in distress etc. Many ethical rules are controversial at least to some extent. Thus, for example, while a large majority of people would agree that in most situation, one should not tell lies, there is far less agreement if one proceeds to ask whether exception is to this rule are allowed in some more or less extreme cases. Assume for instance that a mad man carrying cutlass in his hand, asked you whether your sister is in the house. You reasonably fear that he wants to attack her. Your sister is actually in the house. Does the rule that you should not lie cover this situation? When the proper scope and meaning of an ethical rule is called into question, one should refer it to the more ultimate principle and purpose that justify the rule. Thus for example, in the case of the mad man with cutlass, one could reason that one should fell no lie, because (i) telling lies is a way of harming the people one deceive and (ii), it tends to undermine mutual trust among people. If that were the complete justification of the rule against telling lie, which is not the case), it could follow that the rule did not apply in this case. By telling the madman that your sister is not at home, you would not be harming him in any way. One the contrary, you would be preventing him from doing him from doing something that, once he recovers his sanity, he would greatly regret harming alone, nor would you be undermining trust among people by acting in this way. According to Elegido (1996) the following constitute a reasonably complete list of independent and ultimate principle of business ethics. Principle of Solidarity: We must be concerned with promoting the well being of all human beings, not only our own. In so far as we fail to do so, we undermine our own fulfillment. Principle of Rationality: One should always strive to act intelligently Principle of Fairness or Impartiality: One should apply the same standards in judging ones own actions, those who are dear to one, and those of strangers Principle of Efficiency: In trying to promote human fulfillment good intentions are not enough: one must endeavour to use effective means. Principle of Refrain from willing harm to a human being: One should never choose directly to harm a human being. Principle of Role Responsibility: One does not have responsibility for all the aspects of the well-being of all human beings. Ones special circumstance, roles and commitments give one a priority responsibility for certain aspect of the well being of certain people. ETHICS AND SITUATIONAL FACTIRS IN ETHICAL BEHAVIOURS IN BUSINESS As noted by Gary Edward, President of the Ethics Resource Centre in the U.S, two-thirds of companies seeking ethical programmes came off the front page as a result of serious wrong-doing. This suggests that ethic are largely a tactical response to a serious problem, rather than a strategic commitment to a more enduring opportunity and obligation. From this perspective, most ethical initiatives aim to avoid repeating the mistakes that caused that particular crisis. The Federal Government established various agencies to curb a series of unethical practices in our national life. These include ICPC and EFCC Acts and the rest of it. The aim of these agencies among other reasons include overhauling the national and national image of Nigerians both at home and abroad. But this ethical renewal is one situation where the rifle short or fire brigade approach is clearly not enough. Codes and procedures, targeted to an impropriety may highlight the specific of the problem, and usually assign blame to one individual or a group of people, but without addressing the wider cultural competitive and personal factors that contribute to it. The Nigerian society is originally poverty-driven. Probably because of our low technology/agrarian nature or because of our leadership problem and/or total depending on oil, 90% of the national wealth us being controlled by less than 10% of our people. We operate crude capitalism in which the rich is getting richer and the poor, getting poorer. There is highly level insecurity felt by both the private and public sector workers especially about what tomorrow has in stock for them. It is everybody to himself, God for us all; who ever is slow, may the devil take him. In such circumstance, individual is desperately looking for the opportunity to grab and secure his tomorrow and that of his family. Therefore, a feel of patriotism or national consciousness is secondary in the minds of most Nigerians. Unfortunately or incidentally, we worship those who have been privileged to occupy the seat of power, not minding the fact that these people amassed their wealth by crucked means. We roll out chieftaincy titles, and national honours for the celebrated thieves According to John, Dalta Costa (2000) ethics as a reflex action are never as comprehensive or as motivational as the thinking and commitment applied to ethics as pre-eruption. That so many companies and notable corporate bodies and individuals in Nigerian are repeat offenders is directly due to the narrowness of seeing ethics in relation to a one time problem rather than in the context of the national psyche. Companies hire sonant people but do not leave them only to their wits to manage. Organisations expect strategies to be planted, analyses to precede decisions, and measure, to be put in place to monitor progress and results. Sonant companies, as learning organizations as Shell Petroleum, Mobile Producing to mention a few also invest consistently in training and skills development. An ethical orientation involves the same discipline. In addition to understanding the dynamics, that contributed to an error of ethical judgment, organizations need to explore the keeper tensions and contradictions that may put ethics at risk in future. Just as strategies require a situation analysis, ethics requires a temptation analysis. In other words, any individual or groups of people who are put into positions of responsible accountability must have their red alert threshold tests conducted. Retrogression analysis test or other psycho-analytical tests could be administered on them. Differently put, what moral and legal issues have raised ethical concerns in the past? How are these changing and testing the behaviour of the business organisation and its individual employees? What are new pressure points created by changes in technology or competition or globalization? How do corporate behaviours and policies influence the perception of those ethical conundrums? The process here is one of scanning the horizon with an ethical perspective, of expecting new confusions and temptations and anticipating risk. Central to the exercise is understanding not only the scope and scale of temptation but to the moral strengths and weakness of the business organisation for withstanding and overcoming them. This may involve and audit of past ethical performance an analysis of transgressions or an evaluation of the ethical concerns of the employees. The internent, as an example provides much more intimate access to customers, but it also à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. new issues of privacy and respect. So, in using this new medium, are the companys ethical skills maturing in concert with its, technical competence? How well equipped is the company for dealing constructively with new temptation afforded by the new technology? According to Dalla Costa, (2002) a strategic assessment sets the course for what must be done. An ethical assessment investigates the how. As we have learned from total quality and other programmes of corporate renewal, the what and how can no longer be separated. THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY People often speak of the responsibilities of the firm of the firm or in a more common phrase, the social responsibility of companies These expressions are often used very loosely and are given different meanings be different speakers. Some people assert that business organizations have responsibilities which go beyond making profits. Often, what they have in mind is that it is proper for companies to support worthy community initiatives like universities, museums, hospitals, to reduce a minimum pollution: going voluntarily beyond the standard, set by the law. To employ the physically handicapped; to refuse to invest in certain places (e.g apartheid south Africa) in order to hasten desirable political objectives: and generally to use their activities in a way which is not calculated to maximize their profits but which will contribute to the common goal/good of the communities in which they operate. Other people reject outright the above position and argue that the only responsibilities of a business company are to obey the law and make profits for its shareholders. Still other think that companies can legitimately concern themselves with some of the causes listed above but not with others. It is not easy to find ones bearing in this jungle of conflicting opinions. It is often said that it is the duty of a companys managers to maximize their companys profits. Now whether or not managers have such duty will be a debatable topic. Fundamentally, maximizing profit does not just mean making an effort to generate greater profit. It means making every efforts to make profits as large as possible, subordinating literally everything (including loyalty, compassion the environment social welfare and other such considerations) to the increase of profits. According to Elegido, there is no argument or at least, there outght not to be, that profit is externally important for all business organizations but before one agrees that firms ought to maximize their profits, one ought to ask whether one agrees that profit is ultimately the only thing that matters in business and that in case of conflict, every other consideration ought way before it. PROF. FRIENDMANS POSITION Prof. Friedman, the famous monetary economist has consistently argued in favour of the thesis that an organistion has only one responsibility: maximizing profits for its shareholders while operating within the limits set by the law. He set out his main arguments for this position in a famous and other quoted articles entitled: The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its profits. In Friedmans view, it is certainly a responsibility of organizations to respect all the laws which protect the public interest. But going beyond this would amount to having socially responsible executives functioning as redistributors who would take other peoples money and spend it on what these executives themselves defined as the general social interest, as if they were some sort of self appointed tax collectors. It is Friedmans contention that it will be better for everybody if business executives concentrate on maximizing profit for in this way, they will more effectively be led by and invisible hand to promise the good of the society. In fairness to Friedman, it sho