Glamorous Life of Princess Diana

Cindy GarciaGarcia 1 Carl Mason 42. 103. 273 18 May 2011 The â€Å"Glamorous† Life of Princess Diana For my biography final paper, I chose to write about Princess Diana. She is someone who stood out to me and someone who accomplished so much in such a short life. She displayed genuine care to the public, the children, the injured, and the handicapped. Princess Diana is the princess of Wales, yet we hear so much about her here in America because she is of great importance. She stood out to me mostly because she is a princess who displays great poise, decorum, and perfection but there was so much chaos and imperfection during her short life.Nobody is perfect, especially the Princess of Wales. â€Å"Being a princess isn't all it's cracked up to be,† says Princess Diana. Her hectic life and all of her accomplishments is what interested me to write this paper on her. Princess Diana was born as Diana Frances Spencer on July 1, 1961. She was born in Norfolk, England. She was t he second youngest child. She had two elder sisters and a younger brother. Her childhood was simple and pleasant. She grew up around royal families and was associated with them.She had a lot of privileges during her childhood because her father, John Spencer, was a royal equerry for both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. Her mother was a daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy. When Diana’s paternal grandfather died, her father became the eighth Earl Spencer, giving Diana the title of â€Å"Lady. † When Diana’s parents were married in 1954 at the Westminster Abbey, the queen was a chief guest. Her parents’ marriage was a big social event during 1954, but the split up when Diana was only about six years old. They Garcia 2 divorced two years after the split.The split of her parents was something tragic during her childhood. After the split, Diana and her siblings had to go through an intense custody dispute, resulting in her father winning custody over her an d her siblings. Her mother was said to have had an affair and was an unfit mother, which helped her father gain custody. She still, often, visited her mother. Her parents both shortly remarried to other spouses. Diana went to a preparatory school and then a boarding school and excelled in sports and activities such as swimming, music and dancing.Her grades weren’t the greatest in school. She was considered a below-average student, but she still enjoyed school because of her determination, cheeriness, and caring nature. She longed to be a professional ballerina and studied ballet but she grew to be too tall, 5’10’’. When she finished school, she went to work in London. She worked as a nanny, worked in a restaurant, did cleaning jobs, and then worked as a teacher at the Young England kindergarten in Knightsbridge. She had a caring nurture towards deprived children due to the impact the divorce of her parents left on her.She says, â€Å"I think the biggest disease the world suffers from in this day and age is the disease of people feeling unloved. I know that I can give love for a minute, for half an hour, for a day, for a month, but I can give. I am very happy to do that, I want to do that. † By nineteen, Diana became a headline for the national media. Lady Diana’s older sister introduced her to Prince Charles of Wales, The oldest child of British monarch Queen Elizabeth II. He was in his early thirties while Lady Diana was in her late teen years. Their age gap was significant.He was about thirteen years older than her. Because of their age difference, they had little in common but they did both enjoy hiking, traveling, and the outdoors. Prince Charles was always under press speculation, especially when it came to his love life. He was under increasing pressure to get married. In order to gain the approval of his family Garcia 3 and their advisors, any potential bride had to have an aristocratic background, could not hav e been previously married, should be Protestant and, preferably, a virgin. Lady Diana fulfilled all of these qualifications.Prince Charles’ former girlfriend, Camilla Parker Bowles, helped him select Lady Diana as a potential bride. Their romance began in 1980. At this time, the press took a special interest in Lady Diana. They followed her everywhere, and she found the attention to be unbearable. Prince Charles and Lady Diana were engaged in February of 1981 and were married on July 29, 1981 in St. Paul’s Cathedral. She was only twenty when she got married. The wedding was broadcast in 74 countries and watched by almost 750 million people worldwide. They had about 3,500 guests attending their weeding.Diana was the first English woman to marry an heir to the throne in over 300 years. By the time they got married, they seemed to be truly in love and their wedding was that of a fairytale. Upon her marriage, Diana became the Princess of Wales and was ranked as the third m ost senior royal woman in the United Kingdom after the Queen and the Queen Mother. But from the beginning, their wedding was not blessed with good fortune. Prior to their wedding, Diana had a feeling that Camilla played a great role in Charles’ life. This led her to great jealousy and pondered if she should even marry him.Less than a year after their wedding, they gave birth to their first son, William, and two years after that to their second son, Henry. She tried to take all of the duties of the children onto her own shoulders. She was a devoted mother. By the time their second son was born, there were great problems in their marriage. Diana became sick of worry about Charles having an affair. She suffered from bulimia and several phases of depression. She even tried to commit suicide several times. She felt early signs Garcia 4 of empty-nest syndrome and felt an emotional void. She was, also, under a lot of pressure.She had many roles to perfect as she wanted to do everyth ing properly. Their sons brought them happiness, but they never seemed to meet eye to eye. When they went to functions, crowds would cheer for Princess Diana and no longer for Prince Charles. He was concerned about all the attention and would criticize her. She made her feel as though she was immature, moody, and couldn’t fulfill her royal duties. They had no common topic for conversation. They never developed common interests. Princess Diana was very much interested in fashion, films, and celebrities. Prince Charles was bored by those topics.He was more interested in history, literature, philosophy, painting, and architecture. Because of all of the attention Princess Diana was getting and her depressive behavior, Prince Charles slowly drifted away from her making her feel lonelier. They became estranged so quickly after their marriage. Despite the way her marriage was going, she tried to keep a positive personal persona and find a place for herself. Her wardrobe was a focus of attention. She charmed everyone and the public loved her presence. She made constant visits to hospitals, nurseries, and schools.A lot of her visits to the hospitals would be unannounced and she would ask the nurses to keep her visit concealed from the media. That showed that she didn’t do all of the visits and charity just for publicity. She did charity work for AIDs, helping to raise AIDS awareness. People of that time were afraid of catching AIDs just by touching someone who had it. Princess Diana would visit AIDs patients and touch them to prove that it was safe and okay and that they deserve compassion. â€Å"HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake their hands and give them a hug: Heaven knows they need it,† said Princess Diana.Her work for AIDs, also, promoted research and in other ways positively influence the fight against AIDS. She did a lot of Garcia 5 work for those who had leprosy. She tried doing a lot of charity work for the childr en. She was a president or patron of over a hundred charities. She was a patron of the British Deaf Association and had taken the initiative to learn a number of words in sign language. She would practice her skill, master it, and later use it in her work with the children. She played an active role in the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. This campaign won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997.She won praise for touring land mine fields in a flak jacket and helmet. Her concern over the use of land mines was mostly for those they injured, usually children. The land mines killed or injured more than a million people. A lot of charities would raise large amounts of money with just one appearance by Princess Diana. But she wanted to show the charities that she cares, so she would visit every charity under her patronage at least twice a year, and would talk to the staff personally. When she was around people she gave them hugs and would look them in the eye to show that she cares and tha t she is interested in what you have to say.Helping those in need or just giving them a visit, is what she felt gave her the strength to keep going. It was her everyday motivation. I felt as though that was what made her a good princess. She truthfully cared for the people and wanted to do all she can do to help, even if it was just a hug. As she would say, â€Å"Hugs can do great amounts of good – especially for children. † Her marriage continued to suffer more and more. Prince Charles was fixated on his former girl Camilla and even admitted to having an extra-marital affair.Charles and Diana were separated in 1992 and finally divorced in 1996. Princess Diana was lonely and found comfort from many different men. Her and her sons’ riding instructor, James Hewitt, gave her the attention and charm she longed for. He gave her everything Charles didn’t, stealing away her heart. She was said to be involved with about five other men. Although her separation wit h Garcia 6 Prince Charles impacted her greatly, she still continued to be involved in all of her charity work and everyone still loved her the same as before. She had joint custody with Charles of her two sons.She still failed to neglect her duties as a mother and do all she can for the deprived. She was given about twenty-eight million dollars from her divorce, but she had to give up the title of â€Å"Her Royal Highness. † She was still considered Princess of Wales, especially since her sons are in line for the throne. She did lose a lot of privileges, though, including public money for her work. But it didn’t stop her. She stayed strong in the public eye. In 1997, Princess Diana had a boyfriend by the name of Dodi Al Fayed, a son of a billionaire businessman.He was a heart surgeon. They went on several trips and dates together, and she was very fond of him. The paparazzi were always on their back and they would always try to flee from them. The paparazzi got to a po int where they barely let them breathe. Wherever they would go, which was many places, they would be there waiting for them. On August 31, 1997 they were both killed in a car accident in Paris while fleeing from paparazzi. How it happened and what happened afterwards is a worldwide dispute. Her death shocked the world, and millions of people mourned her death.She died at the age of thirty-five years old. Despite her tragic death, she left a longing legacy and she is still widely known today. From the beginning of her childhood, when her parents were divorced, I automatically felt sympathy for her. I still have my parents together and despite their disputes, I can never picture them separated. I know that it would drastically affect me, so I understand how it greatly affected Princess Diana. She took that negative and turned it into a positive despite her hurt. That was the great thing about her.The divorce of her parents led her to care for children, especially those children in nee d. When her husband was cheating on her and neglecting her, she turned to Garcia 7 charity work and devotion to her sons. I would have never thought that she suffered from depression, bulimia, and several attempts of suicide. She was good at hiding the horrible things in her life and overshadowing it with poise and care for the people. She is definitely a role model and left an impact on the world; not just in England. Her sons continue to do her works and honor her name.I doubt that no other princess or queen lived a hectic and dramatic life as she did. That is what made her so interesting, because above all of that chaos she is one of the most known princesses. She died so young at the age of thirty-six and that makes me think of my sister who is that same age. You still have so much life to live at that age. It just makes the saying truer that the good die young. As someone close to her said, â€Å"She was an exceptional and gifted human being. In good times and bad, she never l ost her capacity to smile and laugh, nor to inspire others with her warmth and kindness.I admired and respected her – for her energy and commitment to others, and especially for her devotion to her two boys. †¦ † Works Cited http://charity. lovetoknow. com/Charity_Work_of_Princess_Diana http://www. famous-women-and-beauty. com/accomplishments-of-princess-diana. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/special/politics97/diana/ending4. html http://www. angelfire. com/mi2/llennium3/diana. html http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/p/princess_diana. html http://www. princess-diana. com/diana/married. htm http://history1900s. about. com/od/1980s/p/princessdiana. htm

Jerusalem A City of Three Faiths

Jerusalem, the city of the three faiths. Jerusalem founded in between 4500-3500 BCC has become a center of the three major monotheistic faiths in the world, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Rising from a proto-Cantle village to a city that has had crusades and Jihads launched In Its name has truly been an amazing turn of events. How did It happen? Why Is It Important? Why here and not elsewhere? What makes people so driven to capture Jerusalem? Why has It been captured and recaptured no less than forty four times? Questions that have great difficulty to be answered often times yield the most interesting answers.Jerusalem has been beckoning those of the three major monotheistic faiths to come and seek her since all three faiths inceptions, The City of David, The City of Jesus and the place where the prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven can be seen as truly a focal point of the World's religions, though it is in a relatively isolated area in the Eleven. Jerusalem has been a center of r eligious fervor almost since it's inception, it has perhaps been this way due to its almost geocentric position in accordance with the empires of the world. At first glance, Jerusalem on a geographic level seems to have very little owing for It.In a region of relatively little rainfall and with an elevation of approximately 2500 feet It Is difficult to move water Into the city. The forests that were once around Jerusalem have been devastated by wars. Overall, It does seem to indeed have very little actually going for it in the geographic sense. The majority of Jerusalem allure might be seen to have come from the location and the centrality in world politics that it has had. Perhaps the main reason that it has been such a religious center since its inception is not due to the geography of the region at all but it's location. Jerusalem is located in the center of the Eleven.The Eleven is located at a prime position to be a part of quite a few empires. The Babylonians, Persians, Eclect ics, Romans, and the Ptolemaic peoples laid claim toastmaster at some point during the Biblical time frame. The Byzantine, Muslim, Turk, French and British empires have also led claim to it since then as well. Jerusalem has been fought over so many times that It has been fully destroyed and rebuilt twice. Being In a prime location has surely helped Jerusalem be a city of all three major monotheistic faiths, f one looks at the original monotheistic faith, one might see this in practice.With the Jewish faith, one sees a people that came from the legendary figure Abraham who purportedly gave a figure named Milkweed a tithing of his possessions. Moses, another patriarchal figure of the Jewish faith desired to lead his followers into the promise land. This promise land was none other than Canaan, the land in which Jerusalem is located. After the conquest of Jerusalem, David made it his capital and following the building of the Temple by Solomon, it became the capital of the Jewish Faith. With being the Political capital, there surely was some incentive to be the religious capital as well. When It comes to the Christian faith, It Is one of the two holiest clues In Christianity. Rome and Jerusalem are these two holiest cycles in the Christian faith. Jerusalem was the orally of the Christian faith and has always been the epicenter of protestant faith. Catholicism associates Rome as Its faiths epicenter. Other cities also exhibit importance in various churches as well. Jerusalem journeys of Jesus are centered around Jerusalem.With all of this writing based round Jerusalem, there was absolutely no reason for it not to be one of the primary centers of the Christian faith. When it comes to Jerusalem and the Muslim faith, it is the third holiest city of their faith behind Mecca and Medina. Jerusalem is the location where the prophet Muhammad allegedly ascended to Heaven. The Dome of the Rock is located on top of where the prophet Muhammad allegedly ascended to Heaven. Due t o this fact, several Jihads have been launched in the name of reclaiming Jerusalem for Islam. Jerusalem is definitely a holy city by any measure of the word.The three major monotheistic faiths have claimed Jerusalem among their holy cities since each of their inceptions. The reasons that they have claimed it originally were not strictly and completely religious. Some of the claims over Jerusalem have been due to its central location. Because of this central location, the propensity for historical events to occur there has greatly increased. One could also argue that from a religious perspective, like the formerly pagan Pantheon, that some cultures find sites that do have something truly special about them and other cultures come and build upon this belief.

Balochistan Conflict - Essay

The movement gained momentum during the 1960s, and amid consistent political disorder, the government ordered a military operation into the region in 1973, assisted by Iran, and inflicted heavy casualties on the separatists. The movement was largely quelled after the imposition of martial law in 1977, after which Baluchistan witnessed significant development. After insurgency groups again mushroomed in the 1990s and 2000s, the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the war in North-West Pakistan exacerbated the conflict, most recently manifested in the killings of non-Baloch settlers in the province by separatists since 2006. Background:- 1. First conflict 1948 (led by Prince Abdul Karim Khan) In April 1948, Baloch nationalists claim that the central government sent the Pakistan army, which allegedly forced Mir Ahmed Yar Khan to give up his state, Kalat. Kalat was a landlocked British protectorate that comprised roughly 22%–23% of Baluchistan. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan signed an accession agreement ending Kalats de facto independence. His brother, Prince Abdul Karim Khan, was a powerful governor of a section of Kalat, a position that he was removed from after accession. He decided to initiate an insurgency against Pakistan. On the night of May 16, 1948 Prince Abdul Karim Khan initiated a separatist movement against the Pakistani government. He conducted guerrilla warfare based in Afghanistan against the Pakistan army. 2. Second conflict 1958–59 (led by Nawab Nowroz Khan) Nawab Nowroz Khan took up arms in resistance to the One Unit policy, which decreased government represenation for tribal leaders. He and his followers started a guerrilla war against Pakistan. Nowroz Khan and his followers were charged with treason and arrested and confined in Hyderabad jail. Five of his family members (sons and nephews) were subsequently hanged under charges of aiding murder of Pakistani troops and treason. Nawab Nowroz Khan later died in captivity. 3. Third conflict 1963–69 (led by Nawab Khair Baksh Marri) After the second conflict, the Federal government sent the Army to build new military bases in the key conflict areas of Baluchistan in order to resist further chaos. Nawab Khair Baksh marri appointed an unknow shero marri to lead like-minded militants in guerrilla warfare by creating their own insurgent bases spread out over 45,000 miles (72,000 km) of land, from the Mengal tribal area in the south to the Marri and Bugti tribal areas in the north. Their goal was to force Pakistan to share revenue generated from the Sui gas fields with the tribal leaders. The insurgents bombed railway tracks and ambushed convoys. The Army retaliated by destroying vast areas of the Marri tribes land. This insurgency ended in 1969 and the Baloch separatists agreed to a ceasefire. Yahya Khan abolished the One Unit policy. This eventually led to the recognition of Baluchistan as the fourth province of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) in 1970, containing all the Baluchistani princely states, the High Commissioners Province and Gwadar, an 800 km2 coastal area purchased by the Pakistani Government from Oman. 4. Fourth conflict 1973–77 (led by Nawab Khair Baksh Marri) Citing treason, President Bhutto dismissed the provincial governments of Baluchistan and NWFP and imposed martial law in those provinces. Dismissal of the provincial governments led to armed insurgency. Khair Bakhsh Marri formed the Baluchistan People’s Liberation Front (BPLF), which led large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare against the central government. According to some authors, the Pakistani military lost 300 to 400 soldiers during the conflict with the Balochi separatists, while between 7,300 and 9,000 Balochi militants and civilians were killed. 5. Fifth conflict 2004 – to date (led by Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Mir Balach Marri) In 2005, the Baluch political leaders Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Mir Balach Marri presented a 15-point agenda to the Pakistan government. Their stated demands included greater control of the provinces resources and a Moratorium on the construction of military bases. On 15 December 2005, Inspector-General of Frontier Corps Maj Gen Shujaat Zamir Dar and his deputy Brig Salim Nawaz (the current IGFC) were wounded after shots were fired at their helicopter in Baluchistan province. The provincial interior secretary later said that both of them were wounded in the leg but both are in stable condition. The two men had been visiting Kohlu, about 220 km (135 miles) south-east of Quetta, when their aircraft came under fire. The helicopter landed safely. In August 2006, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, 79 years old, was killed in fighting with the Pakistan Army in which at least 60 Pakistani soldiers and 7 officers were killed. He was charged by Pakistans government of a series of bomb blasts, killings of the people he professed to protect and the rocket attack on the President Pervez Musharraf. In April 2009, Baloch National Movement president Ghulam Mohammed Baloch and two other nationalist leaders (Lala Munir and Sher Muhammad), were seized from a small legal office and were allegedly handcuffed, blindfolded and hustled into a waiting pickup truck which is in still use of intelligence forces in front of their lawyer and neighboring shopkeepers. The gunmen were allegedly speaking in Persian (a national language of neighboring Afghanistan and Iran) Five days later on April 8 their bodies, riddled with bullets were found in a commercial area. The BLA claims Pakistani forces were behind the killings, though international experts have deemed it odd that the Pakistani forces would be careless enough to allow the bodies to be found so easily and light Baluchistan on fire (Herald) if they were truly responsible. The discovery of the bodies sparked â€Å"rioting and weeks of strikes, demonstrations and civil resistance in cities and towns around Baluchistan. On August 12, 2009, Khan of Kalat Mir Suleiman Dawood declared himself ruler of Baluchistan and formally made announcement of a Council for Independent Baluchistan. The Councils claimed domain includes Baloch of Iran, as well as Pakistani Baluchistan, but does not include Afghani Baloch regions,and the Council contains all separatist leaders including Nawabzada Bramdagh Bugti. He claims that the UK had a moral responsibility to raise the issue of Baluchistan’s illegal occupation at international level. Alleged Foreign Support for Baluch rebels Pakistan has repeatedly accused India, and occasionally the U. S. , of supporting the Baluch rebels in order to destabilize the country. India has however categorically denied the allegations on its part, stating that no concrete evidence has been provided. The facts are controversial, but Pakistan still continues to insist. Iran has repeatedly accused America of supporting Jundullah. After his capture, Jundullah leader Abdulmalek Rigi confirmed these allegations. The US has however denied this. However, neutral observers have repeatedly noted that the Baloch nationalist groups are poorly-trained in military tactics and strategy, and are currently outgunned by the Pakistani state. The groups are mainly armed with small non-automatic weapons and AK-47s, which are widely available in Pakistan, and they currently are not skilled at using Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), which is seen as strong circumstantial evidence that they are not supported by outside powers, contrary to the repeated statements of the Pakistani state. Baluchi rebels in Pakistan are said to receive major support from the Taliban in Afghanistan. In the 1980s the CIA, the Iraqi Intelligence Service, Pakistani Sunni extremist group Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan and the Mujahedin e-Kalq all supported a Baluchi tribal uprising against Iran. Pakistan has also accused India of giving citizenship to senior Balouch SeparatistSelig S. Harrison of the George Soros funded Center for International Policy has been calling for dividing Pakistan and supporting an independent Baluch province as a means to thwart growing relations between Islamabad and Beijing, as Pakistan has given China a base at Gwadar. These views have been separately promoted by Ralph Peters, an zionist strategic affairs analyst and former U. S. Army officer, and an expert on the Middle East and the Islamic world. Projects in Baluchistan Saindak Copper Gold Project: Saindak Copper-Gold Mine is located in Saindak town, district Chaghi Baluchistan, Pakistan. The discovery of copper deposits at Saindak was made in the 1970s in collaboration with a Chinese engineering firm. The Saindak Copper-Gold Project was set up by Saindak Metals Ltd, a company wholly owned by the government of Pakistan, by the end of 1995 at a cost of Rs. 13. 5 billion. Pakistan and China signed a formal contract worth $350 million for development of Saindak Copper-Gold Project.The court must now haul up senior officers of the FC to explain the role it is playing in Baluchistan. However, the Supreme Court alone cannot solve Baluchistan’s problems. The utter lack of confidence the Baloch have in the army and the federal government requires much greater action. Separatist sentiment is now running deep in the province and the provincial government lacks legitimacy because most political figures have boycotted mainstream p olitics. Bringing them back into the fold should be an immediate priority. This would require the army to recede and take a low profile, and an accounting of all those who went missing in the province. Following that, a far greater share in the spoils of Baluchistan’s economic development needs to be given to locals. From the development of a deep-sea port in Gwadar to royalties in mining projects, the Baloch feel they have been deliberately cheated out of profits from their resources. Only after this is rectified, will the separatist parties begin to tone down their

Report on the Cost of Health Care in the United States Research Paper

Report on the Cost of Health Care in the United States - Research Paper Example There have been many controversies as well as dissatisfactions regarding the health care system in the United States. These controversies would be taken into consideration in this paper1. Thesis Statement The paper aims at discussing the health care system of the United States of America. The paper intends to illustrate the trends regarding cost and expenditure in the American health care system and recommends certain inputs to improve the drawbacks associated with the prevailing system. Data and Explanations Health Care Cost and Expenditure in the United States It can be stated that cost and expenditure related to health issues of human beings is one of the prime concerns for the United States. The cost and expenditure in the health care system of the United States of America has seen fluctuations over the years. It has been observed that the health care expenditure of the country was recorded to be around US$2.6 trillion in the year 2010 which as compared to 1980 report of expendit ure had seen an increase of over ten times. As it can be noticed from the table below that the health care expenditure of the company is in a constant rise from the year 1960 till date. It has been learnt that the United States has always noted to be spending more on health care than any other nation of the world. From the report of a survey, it has been recognized that half of the population of the United States spend a very little amount on health care while only 5 percent of the population of the country spend half of the total amount recorded as health care expenditure. However, the increase in expenditure of health care can be up to an extent justified from the fact that the population of the country has also increased form the year 1960 to till date. The table below depicts the increase in health care expenditure in the past 50 years2. Figure: Health Care Expenditure in United States3 Comparison of Health Care Expenditure of the United States with Other Countries It has been m entioned earlier that the health care expenditure of the United States of America has seen a considerable rise over the years. The health care expenditure of the United States of America is quite high as compared to other countries of the world. It can be observed from the table below that the health care expenditure per capita of the United States is quite high as compared to countries like Japan, Germany and France among others. The rise can be demarcated to be double the expenditure of other countries4. Figure: Health Care Expenditure of Certain Countries of the World4 In addition, it has further been learnt that in spite of having similar Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of other wealthier countries, the health care spending of the United States is quite high from those countries. The graph below would be providing a lucid picture about the mentioned fact4. Figure: Comparison of GDP Per Capita of the US with Other Countries4 It has been further observed that the total health care ex penditure of the United States annually is also much more than that of the other similar wealthier nations. The increase in expenditure is depicted to be at a much rapid pace and by a broad margin.

Retail Stategy (6) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Retail Stategy (6) - Assignment Example With the help of continuously tracking and monitoring the environment for changes, organizations can identify several threats and opportunities and can take steps accordingly. This in turn allows the organizations to create a competitive edge over other competitors in the industry (Witcher & Chau, 2010). There are several methods and techniques for conducting audit of the internal and external environment of the organization (Witcher & Chau, 2010). Technology has made it more easier for the organizations to keep an eye on important environmental factors. With the help of properly implemented information systems and other technological devices one can identify important patterns and trends. Along with this, extensive market research also facilitates in the process of identifying and analyzing the changes in the marketplace (Witcher & Chau, 2010). With reference to the retailing business and retail management, it is highly essential for the retail organization to keep a track of the changing needs and preferences of the customers. This allows the retail organization to formulate strategies in accordance with the requirements of the customers (Berman & Evans, 2010). For this purpose the retail organization can link the data generated through RFID and other technological tools with the information systems in order to analyze the demands of the products (Berman & Evans, 2010). In this way, the organization will get an idea about the needs and preferences of the customers. Also, top management of the organization should conduct regular mystery shopping analysis in different retail outlets. This will also enable them to collect significant information and identify different changes in the marketplace. All this data should be stored in the database and should be available for the research analysts to identify important trends. This data will be helpful in identifying important patters like overall sales of a particular

Hyperinflation in Germany after World War I Essay

Hyperinflation in Germany after World War I - Essay Example Why such a phenomenon happened in Germany, a nation with a long history of political, economic, psychological, social and academic knowledge and experience, shows the destructive power of policy mistakes caused by weakness and incompetence (Solomon 28-30). Understanding the hyperinflation that raged from June 1922 to December 1923 requires a good knowledge of German history. Inflation is only one of the external manifestations of a number of decisions regarding the supply and demand in the markets for goods and currencies that are made in the minds of politicians, economic policy-makers, businessmen and consumers. A gradual inflation rate is acceptable, but when these decision makers make wrong decisions at the same time, the market breaks down. Hyperinflation, like a bodily fever that is a sign of infection or a virus causing destruction within the body, is a sign of sickness in economic markets. Anyone familiar with Germany's political and national history would know why so many wrong decisions were made in the minds of so many Germans and their foreign business and political partners during this period, what led to these mistakes and, more importantly, why. The fusing of the German nation was a process that took centuries beginning with the widely held belief that in the year 9 A.D., Arminius, a prince of the Germanic tribe called the Cherusci, defeated three Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest. With each conquest, the tribe grew into the Holy Roman Empire that reached its peak during the reign of Charlemagne in the 9th century. After his death in 814 A.D., the empire of Germanic and Romance speaking people then fell apart, breaking up into eastern and western realms according to the law of inheritance (PIO 106-108). This brief detail is important to understand the events directly related to the study of hyperinflation, because the collective aspiration of a formerly glorious nation that spanned from east to west to wherever territories German settlements were found became one of the arguments used by politicians to justify their actions, no matter how mistaken these may be. By defining the German Fatherland this way - territory that belonged to ancient Germanic tribes by conquest, settlement, or inheritance - the dreams and actions of several generations of German peoples were shaped by their ambitious efforts to expand, reclaim, or retain what they think is justly theirs by historical right. Germany in the early 19th century became a confederation of 39 German kingdoms and political alliances with constantly shifting internal boundaries, not including the Germans in Bohemia (present Czech Republic) and Austria. Each kingdom had its own identity and was not willing to surrender it. This division and the political infighting among the different rulers of the kingdom affected the unity of the government and became one of the sparks that ignited hyperinflation in the 1920s. Acting as stimulus that created tensions in the pre-War politics and economy, intellectuals like Karl Stein, Prince Karl August von Hardenberg and Wilhelm von Humboldt called for the abolition of serfdom, freedom of trade, municipal self-administration, equality before the law, and general conscription into the

International Nurse Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Nurse Migration - Essay Example According to the research findings migration of nurses has been based on either individual contacts and motivation or opportunity. Planned recruitment of nurses internationally has been taking place, in the past decade period, developed nations recruiting nurses from developing nations and other developed nations. Additionally, developing nations are recruiting nurses from each other, especially within similar regions geographically. As a result of this statistics recruited health professionals from countries represent over a quarter of the nursing workforces of The U.S, Canada, Australia and the U.K. The reasons for migration of nurses is as a result of pull or push factors. Pull factors are factors that attract the nurse in the direction of another country. This includes; quality of life perceived to be better, career development, personal security, learning opportunities and better pay. Push factors are circumstances that drive a nurse to leave their country to search for greener pastures elsewhere. They include inadequate remunerations, lack of standard work equipment or facilities, career development options lacking and political instability in their country. The consequences of the pull or push factors leading to migration of nurses to other countries has dealt a huge blow in their countries of origin. More common is the brain drain which is experienced by donor countries that is the loss of personnel that is skilled and also loss of development in education due to human resources that are limited migrating elsewhere. (Awases, 2003). Also, migration of nurses threatens health globally since recruitment and hiring of nurses in developing countries leads to a vacuum in developing nations thus health services in such countries are compromised. Moreover, International migration by nurses undermines the capacity of countries to deal with regional, national and global commitments and also their individual development. The Commonwealth Code of Practice for the R ecruitment of Health Workers Internationally has discouraged greatly health workers recruitment from nations that experience shortages, and also due to the above negative consequences of health workers recruitment. Aiken, et. al (2004) agree, basing their argument on the fact that developing nations require to come up with their own workforce of nurses that are able to cater for their countries needs and ensure that those nurses are well compensated, and that they experience good working environment. Despite all the above negative consequences, there is a positive impact on the recruitment of nurses internationally. This includes economic benefits in relation to income remittance generation. These remittances are estimated to contribute over $70 billion globally to world economies. According to Buchan (2001), the negative consequences of international migration of nurses on donor countries are starting to get acknowledged, but they have not yet been fully dealt with. A balance shoul d be maintained between the push factors driving nurses to migrate, and the utilitarian concern on health of donor countries due to loss of scarce nurses. The Commonwealth Code of Practice for the Recruitment of Health Workers Internationally (2003) believes that for such a balance to be possible there must be a mutual benefit. That is minimization of compromise of the donor country by the importer country making an effort to provide help in the form of technology, training

Warehousing and Inventory Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Warehousing and Inventory Management - Essay Example In order to achieve these competencies we are discussing the various aspects of warehouse space utilization and layout plans. There are several plans of layout, which has been discussed, and each has its own advantages and drawbacks. If the warehouses are used efficiently and effectively, it improves the effectiveness of whole supply chain. As we know that we are moving through communication revolution, better use of information and communication technology improves the warehouse operations management. While discussing the case study of Seven-Eleven Japan we observed that how use of information and communication technologies have improved the warehousing operations of the organization as a whole and have the potential to proved benefit to the customers. Through use of information and communication technology, objectives of the warehouse manager to provide goods and services to its customers timely and efficiently will be fulfilled. We had also evaluated the traditional and modern inv entory management practices and found that modern practices like JIT have outnumbered the traditional inventory management systems like re-order or economic order quantity on various parameters. Storage is the 1. Warehouse space and layout: Storage is the physical hording of inventories awaiting transport to customers. The current emphasis is on the movement of inventories. According to Layson (2000), there are a number of important issues to be considered: Acknowledgement that reducing ware housing and storage costs is essential; Automated stores and computerized system make it possible to better manage these facilities; Trade-off between higher customer service levels, low inventory and low operating costs need to be balanced; Changes in business practices through the implementation of just-in-time (JIT) and Kanban concepts; Better logistics systems; Time-compression, reducing time consumed in business processes, Elimination of non-value-added time. In the process of warehouse layouts and space, organizations primarily focus on The space required and cost for each category of stock, Whether to centralize or decentralize the stores Physical characteristics of the stores at each location e.g. size, weight, shape, perishable, hazardous Flows of material and handling equipment required Goods received into store, quantities, volumes, frequencies, packing, delivery vehicles, handling requirements, documentation and inspection Foods outwards-quantities, volumes, frequencies packing, delivery vehicles, handling requirements, documenting & packaging; Inventory policies e.g. JIT buffer sticks, stock pilling Security, safety, administrative system, and personnel. To fulfill these above-mentioned conditions, warehouse space and layout planning must have following objectives in mind: Utilizing space efficiently within the building cube Create rapid and easy access to stock and stock movements Achieve efficient and balanced traffic flows Mechanized and automated stores operations

Risk Management - Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Management - Review - Article Example He defines moral hazard as a case where a person is responsible for another’s interests but puts his or her interests first. He matches this with the CEOs who put their interests first but are responsible for the interests of the taxpayers. The CEOs give themselves excessive bonuses out of the funds they manage. The subprime scandal is one case he cites where he addresses how banks issued mortgages with the aim of holding them to maturity. It became a disaster and a contributing factor to the financial crisis because the banks used to make losses due to defaulting on the mortgages. More so, the banks used to sell the mortgages to other parties without considering whether they will default or not, as they were only interested in the initial payments received (Kelvin, 2009). The subprime was, as such, a greed game dubbed as â€Å"privatizing gains and socializing losses.† He, however, does not blame the CEOs only, but also cites the failure of financial risk management. He says that the assumptions made in risk management were not viable, for instance, assuming that financial risks follow the Gaussian distribution, assumptions involving market liquidity and so forth. More so, there were modelling errors in risk models that focused too much on the normal market conditions. The article has content relating to risk management and gives several examples of scandals and disasters happening to particular companies, and most of them leading to financial losses. The financial crisis is the basis for all of them. Several concepts of risk management are applied in the cases provided. Some of the corporations mentioned made some deliberate efforts to counter the losses, and took other measures to recover from the economic shock. Thus, there is risk response and recovery. Response is where the organization counters the disaster, and recovery is the restoration to the

She ran up the wooden staircase Essay Example for Free

She ran up the wooden staircase Essay It is an odd case this. Peterson had a motive I understand his mother was rich, perhaps he wanted his inheritance quickly so he could marry the girl as is good and proper. The girl has a motive Lady Peterson had a rather low opinion of her. I am rather inclined to think of Miss Smith she had opportunity, and motive. Is it a pure coincidence she came down on the same day as the lady was discovered dead? I somehow think not. It must be her that letter proves it! That is an odd occurrence. Of course, there is the possibility she forged it herself to gain sympathy, but I somehow I think not, he paused. I saw the familiar pipe slip out from underneath his cloak and into his mouth. However, supposing she did the deed, and the purpose was to marry Edward Peterson, staging a quarrel with said man seems rather pointless. It was two mornings later when I received an early morning phone call from Holmes that brought me out of my slumber. Hello? I said tentatively. Watson, we are going to visit Miss Smith, my friend said matter-of-factly, without introducing himself or apologising for waking me up what must have been five am, if not earlier. So it was that I found myself on the train to visit the woman I suspected of murder. I was sitting by the window, doing the crossword in The Times, all the while aware of Holmes watching me as a child watches the ants that scurry across the garden path. Tell me, Watson, what would you say if I told you who the murderer was, right here, right now? he asked, an amused expression on his face. You know? I cried. Then why are we visiting the young lady at this hour? No no, my dear Watson, I was merely speculating, Holmes finished, and neither of us said a word until the train reached the station that was to be our destination. Come Watson, my friend said in his usual brisk manner. We will get a horse and carriage from here to the ladys house. She is staying with a friend or so she says in her letter. A letter? I cried incredulously. She sent you a letter! Why hadnt he mentioned this before? The girl believes her life is in danger. She is frightened, understandably so. It is my job to help her, he stated matter-of-factly. Yes but- I stopped. The horse and carriage had arrived, and I followed Holmes clambering in to it. Of course, she may be mistaken, he continued, but it may prove a valuable clue. Rose Smith was staying in a small house with her friend, who was introduced to us as Helena. It was a pretty, country cottage, not the sort I would expect Miss Smith to be staying in. Im going for a walk, Helena announced shortly, as she picked up a raincoat and closed the door behind her. Good luck Rosie! So, Miss Smith, Holmes said, You wrote to me because you believe your life to be in danger. Why? Gosh, you do get to the point quickly, dont you? Miss Smith laughed nervously. Ill start from the beginning. I met Ed Mr Peterson, that is at a dance. He was there with a friend who happened to be a friend of a friend of a cousin of mine. So we were both at this party, and I must admit, it wasnt what lady Victoria would approve of. Shes dreadfully serious, you know! Very traditional. Oh shes a dear, but so interfering. Ed and I got talking and well, we fell in love. His mother threatened to disinherit him if we kept seeing each other, but then, quite out of the blue, she gives us another chance, and invites me to stay for a little while. He came to collect me from the station, and on the way back to the house, he proposed to me! Oh I was so happy, it was a dream comes true. But now it look like there wont be a wedding after all, she said, as she broke down in tears. I noticed on her forearm lay a large purple bruise as I reached my hand out to comfort her. Whats that? I asked suddenly. Oh nothing, she muttered. Let me tell you what happened when you received the letter from Edward Holmes began. So it was from him, she cried. Even as I wrote to you I hoped it was someone else. There are many names beginning with E Egbert, Emily, Ellie. Why him? I saw a sudden look come into Holmes eyes he knew whom the murderer was. I could tell by the excited glint the dark black pupils had taken on. One more thing, Miss Smith, Holmes said as he showed her the picture we had seen in the ladys room. Its Ed! she cried. Excellent! he said, as he left the room. Excellent. NOT FROM WATSONS NARRATIVE Tell me, Mr Peterson, did your mother spill her tea the day she died? Holmes asked. Why, yes, yes she did. And Rose gave her hers, I think. She doesnt like tea anyway. AFTERWARDS BY WATSON So how did you find out? I asked. I must admit, it had me fooled. Id never have guessed. Well, it was quite simple really Watson. The entire crime rotated around the stain. That one spill held the key to the entire murder. Once I knew who had spilt the cup, the whole mystery came together like a well-knitted scarf. But how? I know I must be terribly ignorant not to see, but how? You see, I know that Lady Peterson spilt the tea. Miss Smith then gave the Lady her mug, which she drank. Lady Peterson later died, and I think I can safely assume it was that mug that was poisoned. We therefore have two options. Either Miss Smith poisoned the tea or the tea was already poisoned when Miss Smith took it! You mean, Miss Smith was the intended victim! I do indeed, Holmes smiled. You see, one of the housemaids had entertained a liking for Edward Peterson for many years. She steals photos of him; she spends extra time tidying his quarters, and she is in fact, quite infatuated. So when Miss Smith appears, our admirer is jealous. Later, she hears her love proposing to this girl, and decides something must be done before her love marries this stranger. In the tea, she slips a strychnine tablet into one of the mugs. But then her plan fails. Instead of her hated rival taking the tea, her employer, the kindly woman who has the power to stop this marriage, dies. I sat in stunned silence for a few seconds, unable to speak. But why then, the flower, the letter? I asked. Our murderer has a somewhat romantic mind jealous women often do. She thinks miss smith is the perfect suspect. Miss smith, who happens to be named Rose. Hence the flower. A silly, girlish touch really. The clue does not point to Rose, but to someone who would be willing to spring the crime on her. Of course! I exclaimed. And the letter? Well that was simple, although I must admit I was nearly fooled. Who was the maid girl who served us our tea, Watson? Why, err, of course Ellie, I believe! Ellie Pierce, in fact! the genius pointed out. Our mystery EP! Brilliant, I really dont know how you do it, Holmes. Brilliant! Elementary, my dear Watson. Elementary! Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Attitudes Towards Gambling Behaviour Psychology Essay

Attitudes Towards Gambling Behaviour Psychology Essay Gambling has always tended to capture ambiguous views and opinions in society. This project discusses definitions of gambling, causes, models and treatments for those with gambling problems. The primary data is collected from an online questionnaire which was designed based on previous research, drawing particularly from the 2007 British gambling prevalence survey which was conducted in order to gain understanding about the social impact of gambling and the costs and benefits. Only 80 actual responses were recorded successfully. The participants age ranged from 17 52 making the mean age 24. The majority of participants were female with 37.5% being male and 62.5% being female. Due to the ethnic demographic of the area being predominantly White British, 81.2% of responses were from White backgrounds. A 14-item attitude scale was used for the main body of the questionnaire, including 7 positive statements and 7 negative statements. Each statement was given a score from 1 to 5, 1 being strongly agree and 5 being strongly disagree. In order to gather the correct data for analysis, the scores of the positive statements was swapped in reverse in order to indicate the more approving attitudes for each item. The 14 items are individually scored and added together to create one score. This score is known as the attitude score. As there were 14 items and each rating which was neither agree nor disagree was scored at 3, the mid-point attitude score is 42, anything below this suggests an overall negative response and anything above therefore suggests an overall positive response. Results show a strong correlation pointing towards a positive attitude towards gambling when the mid-point attitude score is 42, most scores show scores above 42 therefore showing a positive* response. There is only one item that received an overall negative response. Introduction The topic to be addressed in this research is about gambling, the different types and forms and how the public perceive gambling behaviour. The research will discuss various views and opinions of social and problem gambling and draw upon different theories as to why people gamble. Other research studies will be evaluated also. Orford (2009) conducted a survey based study using a 14 item attitude scaled which measures the general attitudes towards gambling. This scale was originally created to be used in a British gambling survey in 2007. This particular survey used a typical sample of 8880 partakers who were over 16 years old. It found that in most cases, attitudes towards gambling were negative, the only exception to these attitudes were from those who gambled the most. What is interesting about the results of this survey is that more people saw gambling to be a foolish and dangerous and to be harmful to families and communities, however, the majority of participants were against the prohibition of gambling. This survey has been the basis for the questionnaire in this study and therefore I will use the results of Orford survey to guide me towards the hypothesis for my own questionnaire. The main hypothesis is those who gamble regularly will have positive attitudes towards gambling. Another key hypothesis is those who have ever had a gambling problem will feel empathy and sympathy towards other problem gamblers. Gambling has always tended to capture ambiguous views and opinions in society while drawing in both massive public involvement and an increasing amount of criticism on moral, social and economic grounds (Cornish, 1978). There are many different types and forms of gambling. The main or most popular forms are gaming machines betting bingo casino lotteries and pools. Gaming machines allow the player to participate in a computerised game of chance in exchange for money and in some way the other forms of gambling are not dissimilar, due to either the exchange of money for a game of chance, like in betting and lotteries. Betting, pools and some casino games take some form of logic and or strategy, and therefore is less based on chance or luck, however, they are similar to gaming in regards to the exchange of money for chance (Gamble Aware, 2013). Game play therefore is a good way of describing what gambling is, for example, Herman (1976) articulates how gambling can be understood best through the example of game playing. He uses this instance because game playing is normal and inconspicuously integrated within the rest of gambling culture and society where it mostly occurs. Herman found that a common them e among previous research is that gambling is being studied as an activity that is singled out from the rest of the social society and that gambling as an activity is different to other routine activities. On the contrary, it can be argued that gambling relates to and links with other factors of society; that it is a product of this society and not separate. Therefore game play was a convenient topic for discussion in this instance. Gamblers anonymous (2012) see gambling as any form of wagering or bet placing, either for other people or themselves, whether it is for money or just for fun, where the result cannot be determined or relies on skill or chance. This definition includes any form of gambling no matter how small or insignificant because to a compulsive gambler, anything can be a trigger to resume their addiction. This definition opens up a new perspective on the term gambling. Routine activities that many of us participate in in everyday life may impact a compulsive gamblers life dramatically; this suggests that more should be done to sensitively create public awareness not just for ourselves but of those around us when gambling. A more in-depth definition and explanation of gambling is proposed by Perkins (1950), whom offered the idea that gambling could be segmented into 4 factors, the first being the swapping of money which takes place without any comparable value; the second is the possession of money regulated only by luck or chance; thirdly, the profit of the winners, made possible only by the loss of other people; and finally, the risk involved which is excessive. Using the belief that different forms of gambling all have clear fundamental features in common, people often, rationally, want to know about the connection between involvement in gambling irrespective of type and the descriptions of gamblers, such as age, sex, social class and income. The easiest measures are those whereby samples can be divided into gamblers and non-gamblers on the foundation of whether they take part in any number of gambling activities (Cornish, 1978). When talking about frequency of gambling, Downes et al (1976) found that there were considerable differences when it came to gender. Men seemed to gamble much more often than women and in particular younger men seemed to be more prone to gambling addiction, especially men from upper class and also, the poor. Downes also explains that younger men are more likely to participate in gambling activity. When it comes to explaining and discussing forms of problem gambling it is likely that biological, psychological and sociological processes are involved (Lesieur Rosenthal, Pathological gambling: A review of the literature, 1991). Each theory or model of problem gambling is more likely to only highlight one of these processes. There are numerous ways to define problem and compulsive gamblers. Clinically, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), and categorizes problem and compulsive gambling as an impulse control disorder and uses ten conditions to conduct a diagnosis of this disorder. The ten conditions range from repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling through to illegal acts such as forgery, fraud, theft or embezzlement to finance gambling (University of Chicago, 1999). These ten conditions represent three dimensions within problem gambling: loss of control, damage or disruption, and dependence. Research has advocated that people who become easily attached or addicted to activities generally mistrust others around them, this could have stemmed from incidents of social or personal trauma, and therefore, they stay away from seeking help and instead turn to a specific addictive behaviour as a way of distracting them from this trauma, it is a temporary way of relieving distress. From this viewpoint, addiction may have developed as a process of relieving distress; whereas those who have negative views about ideas of histories of trauma are more prone to seek their relief from other places, such as gambling. It was hypothesized by Hoefler Kooyman (1996) that social and personal trauma can be related to problem gambling, and that this association would be arbitrated by perceptions of a lack of social support. One well known model of problem gambling is the social learning model, originating from skinners first (1953) social learning theory. This model assesses gambling as an operant behaviour, meaning a behaviour that can be modified by different consequences and outcomes. Logically, one would assume that in the instance of gambling, money or a prize would be the positive reinforcement factor to initiate addiction; however, more recent research increasing shows the significance of physiological arousal and its properties of reinforcement (Petri Govern, 2003) which can be related to the social learning model. Intriguingly, skinners (1953) study revealed a contradictory argument that a persons behaviour to gamble is a reflection of their prior history reinforcement issues. Skinner posited the hypothesis that beginning with success or beginners luck as some would call it, leads to an increase in the probability that that person would continue to demonstrate gambling behaviours, even when th e reinforcement ratio of winning had declined. Unfortunately, at the time, skinner was only able to test and demonstrate this theory on pigeons and rats. Later research on skinners theory allowed Custer (1984) to test the theory of humans, results showed that the same pattern towards addiction reflected from skinners results on animals, Custers results highlighted the high significance of an early big win towards the progression of a pathological gambling disorder. Although these results demonstrate what this pattern for gambling addiction is, the explanation of why the pattern occurs, still remains, specifically, the question should be why it exists even when reinforcement has gone or is decreased massively, for example, when the gambler hasnt had a win for a long time but still continues to gamble. One explanation of this is what is known as the partial reinforcement extinction effect, this is when an absence of reinforcement creates more persistence of gambling behaviour because the gambler knows that if they continues, eventually they will experience a win, therefore the continuation to gamble even after a long losing streak is eventually reinforced and consequently strengthened by the most recent win (Griffiths, 1995). Another explanation is one that contemplates again the role and idea of arousal. According to Brown (1987) this explanation considers arousal as a key factor of problem gambling, while also relating to physiological views fr om the social learning model. According to browns research, each person has their own unique psychophysiological needs for arousal, for example, one individual may learn to regulate their arousal needs through gambling, therefore in this instance, the loss while gambling would be the main reinforcement of gambling behaviour. Browns (1987) research is not limited to the theory of arousal; he also offered the idea that there are as many as six processes which participate in the development of problem gambling. These six processes are listed according to (Upfold, 2013): Affective states, like anxiety or depression; Cognitive distortions about gambling; Behavioural reinforcement schedules; Social and institutional determinants, like the opportunity to gamble; Subcultural conditions, such as the prevailing attitude toward gambling, and the prevailing values of the individuals social context and reference groups, And; Internal fantasy relationships with personifications such as lady luck, and the gamblers parents. To give a brief explanation, a person first has to be presented to gambling to enable the trigger to be able to express gambling behaviour; this is usually due to social determinants or cultural conditions. To then continue and perhaps escalate the gambling behaviour, arousal and reinforcement is needed. At a point in a gamblers life where all affective and cognitive factors are present, sometimes along with internal fantasy relationships, gambling is the most important task and a priority to that individual (Brown R. , 1987). This explanation that brown offers is broad and in depth, it offers a more complex understanding of problem gambling than the simple model of social learning (Upfold, 2013). For the benefit of evaluation and comparison, the psychodynamic model offers some interesting theories centred on gambling behaviours. This model suggests that problem gambling exists in the psyche; it is proposed by Epstein (1994) that gambling is an unconscious attempt to resolve conflicts within the psyche. Conflicts that exist in the psyche are uncontrollable and it is suggested that gambling is a behaviour performed in order to try to relieve psychological pain and stress. Within this area of exploration, there are a few main psychodynamic oriented theories which can help explain behaviour such as gambling. In these theories there tends to be three key factors, as listed by Griffiths (1995) these are: Gambling is an unconscious substitute for pre-genital libidinal/aggressive outlets. Gambling involves an unconscious desire to lose a wish to be punished in reaction to guilt. Gambling is a medium for continued enactment (but not resolution) of psychological conflict Rosenthal (1994) proposes that most problem gamblers have narcissistic tendencies, along with regular feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy which then leads to their psyche constructing a fictional world where gambling can be perceived as a solution to their pain. This fictional world enables the gambler to learn feelings of power, independence and overall, feel in control and important while they gamble. Rosenthal (1994) also comments that the narcissistic tendencies are vulnerable to fluctuating feelings of depression and arousal. It is noted that by participating in gambling behaviour, these feelings are regulated. An alternative topic of interest in the psychodynamic theory is that of loss, this term includes any form of actual separation from the death of a loved companion to an emotional loss such as self-esteem (Upfold, 2013). To sum up the theory of loss, it is that a universal loss is a significant issue for a problem gambler, resulting in intolerance for losses in the future. Furthermore, the psychodynamic theory suggests that gambling is triggered by an emotional loss but additionally can be a way of avoiding further risks that could cause the emotional pain to increase. The theory suggests that, if a child loses its mother when their psychic development is not yet fully matured, they will then use gambling as a substitute to the love of their mother. An obvious theme throughout the explanation of psychodynamic theories is that it is largely based upon opinions and does not hold a strong factual or scientific content, this is probably due to the concepts of the unconscious and the psych e being untestable as they are not physical objects or places, they are entirely theoretical, most of Rosenthals so called evidence was based upon a few grouped or many individual case studies, therefore cannot be relied upon for accurate scientific research (Cox, Yu, Afifi, Ladouceur, 2005). Granting that the psychodynamic approach isnt reliable in actual research, it is however a good path to look down when thinking about contributions to society, for example, counsellors working with problem gamblers may be led further to understand that there may be unseen, internal processes coinciding with the actual gambling behaviour itself, also, and many gamblers are thought to benefit from counselling which explores their feelings of emotional loss, intimacy and their fantasy ideas about gambling and luck. Many psychodynamic theorists advocate that some gamblers may reunite with these feelings from their unconscious when they stop gambling, thus creating an uncomfortable urge to gamble again (Upfold, 2013). Before moving on to results and statistics about the publics perception of gambling, first it should be discussed as to why the publics perception is important to us and society. First of all, the stances of the public community possibly will influence the capability of local and national governments to apply new, or review existing legislation associated with the control of gambling and gambling activities (Mond, Davidson, McAllister, 2011). In many countries, controlling gambling activities legislation are already under review, for example, in Australia, high stake poker machines will require you to commit to a spending limit in order to play, this disables the player from betting any more money on that particular game that day (Parliamentary Joint Select Committee on Gambling Reform, 2011). Secondly, the more accurately public perception is studied, the higher the likelihood of new therapies and treatments becoming available for those with gambling problems and addictions. Additi onally, negative perceptions regarding people with gambling problems may composite negative emotional states such as vulnerability and thus make more people hesitancy to seek help (Mond, Davidson, McAllister, 2011). Treatments In numerous countries around the world, there is growing fascination in early intervention tactics to support people who are suffering from severe gambling-related problems. Key to these thoughts and considerations is whether we are able, as professionals, to recognize problem gambling behaviour and or risky behaviour in risky gambling situations before people officially seek help or treatment (Delfabbro, King, Griffiths, 2012). Literature shows that interventions and treatments for problem gambling and be rather similar to the methods involved in treating other disorders such as drug addiction. Much like drug addiction, a major challenge in treating gambling problems is being able to prevent a relapse. An example to support this is that not many people that discontinue using drugs due to treatment remain sober in the long-term future. Within drug addiction, slips are single episodes of drug use that subsequently lead to a major relapse (Marlatt Gordon, 1985). There are so many factors that can affect the risk of any individual trying to recover from any kind of addiction, from relapsing, these factors can be environmental however, and the majority are personal to each individual. In order to succeed in recovering from an addiction, the development of new skills is essential. These skills should encourage positive behaviour and be integrated into everyday life so that in the event of a relapse; these skills will become easier to perform (Brown, Schubert, Saykally, Evenson, 1986). Many of these skills will be something to substitute trigger activities from their drug addiction, many take up forms of exercise and others turn to spiritual or religious activities in order to sustain their abstinence. At this point it is unknown whether or not the same behaviour patterns will help in problem gamblers to help them quit. It may be important to understand the characteristics of those who want to gain treatment for their gambling. Reasons for this are so that it can help develop the correct effective treatment for those who actually want to stop gambling. It has already been noted that the majority of clinical research on the topic of problem gambling has been either case studies or small sample studies. Data collected from this type of research is not able to be generalised to the wider population. Due to this disadvantage, creating accurate demographic profiles of treatment seekers is problematic; however there has been research that gives a small insight into the most likely candidates. Research from Blackman (1986), Ciarrocchi Richardson (1989) and Volberg (1995)have found that in general, it tends to be white middle-aged men that most commonly seek treatment for their gambling addiction; however, more recently, research is finding an increase in women wanting treatment or advice on gambling probl ems (Moore Volberg, 1998). Many treatment seekers are in their 30s and 40s and have an average or higher educational background. There are many methods to treat problem gambling, the methods derive from many approaches such as psychoanalytical/psychodynamic and behavioural approaches. This discussion of treatment approaches will both reiterate and contradict previous evaluation of the same approaches that have attempted to explain the causes of gambling problems. Psychodynamic professionals look for an understanding of gambling by reflecting upon the motivation influences that come from our unconscious processes; they refer to it as the science of the mind and consider how these processes may be able to oppose cognition and emotion and turn them into a behaviour (Lesieur Blume, 1987). Although psychodynamic therapies and treatments have not proven to gain effective results, they are the most regularly used forms of treatment for problem gambling behaviour at this time. The psychodynamic perspective proposes that problem gambling is an expression or a symptom of an underlying issue within the psyche. The best way of helping gamblers at the moment is by attempting to make them understand their underlying issue and confront it (Rosenthal Rugle, 1994). While many other academics have recorded the significance of psychodynamic treatments relating to addiction, there are no controlled studies or research that investigates the efficiency of this approach in terms of treating a gambling problem. Moving onto a behavioural approach, treatments within this approach are more active, especially looking towards classical and operant conditioning theories as a solution or treatment. One known treatment that is currently used is aversion therapy. This involves a negative stimulus being applied to the patient while they are thinking about or participating in gambling behaviour, the negative stimulus us quite often small electric shock. Obviously, this method has many ethical drawbacks and is used only in severe cases and if the patient is mentally stable to agree to it (Epstein, 1994). A second example of a behaviourist treatment is a simple procedure called imaginable desensitization. It uses two stages in the process. First of all the patient is taught how to relax, once they are in a relaxed state, the behaviourist professional will ask them to imagine some situations related to gambling that they find stimulating. From this, the patient will learn to relax then they find themselves in situations where they are able to gamble, the relaxation will be a substitute to giving in to their addiction (Brown R. , 1987). This approach links closely to some psychodynamic theories, but initially is seen as a cognitive treatment. Methods It was decided that an online questionnaire would be used to conduct this research because they are quick and easy to create and collect data from. Choosing to conduct this questionnaire online proved to be the right choice also as it did not take up lots of time for either the researcher or for the participants. Online questionnaires are effective for a number of reasons, the main one being that they are inexpensive and easy to gain fast responses from a large sample size (Deutskens, Ruyter, Wetzels, Oosterveld, 2004). I designed my questionnaire based on previous research, drawing particularly from the 2007 British gambling prevalence survey which was conducted in order to gain understanding about the social impact of gambling and the costs and benefits (Orford, 2009). General lifestyle and demographic questions are at the beginning of the questionnaire in order to gain data of who is participating in the research. The main body of the questionnaire is the 14-item attitude scale o riginally produced by Orford (2009) who believed that it was vital that his survey about attitudes towards gambling should contain a dependable and legitimate scale that can reliably measure general attitudes towards gambling. This scale uses a straight forward format containing a sequence of statements which express either a specific negative or positive attitude, the participant would rate how much they disagreed or agreed with each statement using a lickert scale. My questionnaire used all 14 items in its attitude scale, 7 positive statements and 7 negative statements. Each statement was given a score from 1 to 5, 1 being strongly agree and 5 being strongly disagree. In order to gather the correct data for analysis, the scores of the positive statements was swapped in reverse in order to indicate the more approving attitudes for each item. The 14 items are individually scored and added together to create one score. This score is known as the attitude score. As there were 14 items and each rating which was neither agree nor disagree was scored at 3, the mid-point attitude score is 42, anything below this suggests an overall negative response and anything above therefore suggests an overall positive response. The aim was to have a sample size of 100, only 80 actual responses were recorded successfully. The participants age ranged from 17 52 making the mean age 24. The majority of participants were female with 37.5% being male and 62.5% being female. Due to the ethnic demographic of the area being predominantly White British, 81.2% of responses were from White backgrounds. The sample was collected online via email, Facebook and twitter accounts along with a description of the study and its purposes. None of the participants are excluded as all relevant questions were answered in every response. To eliminate social desirability, whereby the participant might purposely give the answers the researcher is looking for, the questionnaire aims were distorted slightly by asking general exercise, drinking and diet questions along with gambling questions. The second part of the questionnaire will be the main part used for analysis; this section will state that it is a control group questionnaire about gambling. The title of the questionnaire was explained to be assessing how the public perceive social behaviours, although the questionnaire aim was to measure how the public perceive only gambling behaviours. Ethical situations were taken into consideration in this instance and it was decided that slightly deceiving participants was needed in order to enable the study to gain more realistic results and validity. The next part of the questionnaire measured if each participant had a gambling problem, ever had a gambling problem or if theyre parents or guardians ever had a gambling problem, the results from this section are to be taken into consideration when analysing the final question. The final question is a vignette about a young males gambling problem and some trouble that gambling had got him into; participants were given a list of attitudes and feelings such as Anger sympathy empathy and were asked if they blamed the characters parents or himself. This section is relevant because those with positive attitudes towards gambling may relate to the character and therefore give a positive or sympathetic attitude towards the situation. A recent study about profiling problem gamblers shows that there is near enough a 50/50 weighting of female problem gamblers to female social gamblers. Also, there are a considerably higher amount of males at risk to problem gambling than when compared to women. When analysing demographic results, findings show that there was a significantly lower amount of problem gamblers in the 65 years and over age category. The second most at risk age group was found, in this case to be 35 49 year olds, leaving the most at risk category to be the 18 24 year olds (Department Of Justice, 2013). Demographic Analysis and Results The following results present demographic data collected from the primary survey conducted. The data contains the total number of responses returned for all questions and the representative percentage of responses for each modality available. If there were any non-responses to any questions, this will not be included in the charts and tables. If the value of representative responses is 0, this will not show in the charts, however will be shown in the tables. This chart shows the representative percentage age of all participants. Age ranges Frequencies % representative From 17 to 20 29 36.2% From 21 to 29 40 50.0% From 30 to 37 3 3.8% 38 and over 8 10.0% Total 80 100.0% This chart shows the representative percentage gender of all participants. Gender modality Frequencies % Representative Male 30 37.5% Female 50 62.5% Total 80 100.0% Etiological reports of problem gambling have commonly concentrated on men from Gamblers Anonymous (GA) men from the Veterans Administration hospital system (Lesieur Blume, 1987) Therefore, women are diagnostically underrepresented also. Numerous initial studies that did include women used small samples or case studies from Gamblers Anonymous (Lesieur Blume, 1991). These results show a much higher percentage of female respondents than men. Thus, it enables this type of research to be analysed for gender specific data if needed. This chart shows the representative percentage ethnicity of all participants. The table below shows all the modalities available for selection within the survey. Ethnicity modality Frequencies % Representative White 65 81.2% Mixed white and black Caribbean 7 8.8% Mixed white and black African 1 1.2% Mixed white and Asian 0 0.0% Any other mixed background 2 2.5% Asian indian 3 3.8% Asian Pakistani 0 0.0% Asian Bangladeshi 0 0.0% Any other Asian background 0 0.0% Black Caribbean 1 1.2% Black African 0 0.0% Any other black background 1 1.2% Chinese 0 0.0% Any other ethnic group 0 0.0% Total 80 100.0% Results frequency score and attitude score table The results shown in the table below indicates the response count to each modality and also to each option within that modality. The frequencies are shown to indicate how many responses were given, however any non-responses are not shown in the table. In place of a percentage score, an attitude score is present. An explanation of the attitude scores is presented below the table. Strongly agree agree neither agree nor disagree

Entrapment in Waiting for Godot and Existence and Existents Essay

Entrapment in Waiting for Godot and Existence and Existents      Ã‚  Ã‚   Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot has been criticized as a play in which nothing happens-twice. Not only are Vladimir and Estragon, the two primary characters, unable to change their circumstances in the first act, the second act seems to be a replay of this existential impotence. Vladimir's remark "Nothing to be done," at the opening of the play, may be said to characterize the whole. Estragon complains that "Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it's awful!" (Beckett 27). Ostensibly, the play is a series of meaningless conversations on subjects of no importance. One wonders, then, if it isn't true that nothing happens in this play and, hence, if the play has my real artistic merit. But something is happening. The characters are struggling to free themselves from a treadmill of an existence in which they are trapped-a struggle that is, perhaps, significantly like our own. Let us first consider the role of time in the play. Vladimir and Estragon want time to pass but are forced to acknowledge that even when it does, nothing changes. In other words, the time they recognize offers them no genuine future. On the contrary, it promises them more of the same: Estragon: We came too soon. Vladimir: It's always at nightfall. Estragon: But night doesn't fall. Vladimir: It'll fall all of a sudden, like yesterday. Estragon: Then it'll be night. Vladimir: And we can go. Estragon: Then it'll be day again. (Pause. Despairing.) What'll we do, what'll we do! (Beckett 45- 46)    If night would only come there would be an end to this day. But that is no hope since another day ... ...h, Colin. Angels of Darkness: Dramatic Effect in Beckett and Ionesco. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1792. Fletcher, Beryl S., and John Fletcher. A Student's Guide to the Plays of Samuel Beckett. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1985. Fletcher, J. Action and Play in Beckett's Theater. Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 242-246. Iser, W. Beckett's Dramatic Language. Modern Drama 9 (1966/67) 251-259. Kenner, Hugh. A Reader's Guide to Samuel Beckett. New York: Farar, Straus, and Giroux, 1983. Lamont, Rosette. Beckett's Metaphysics of Choiceless Awareness. Samuel Beckett Now. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 1975. Lyons, Charles R. Samuel Beckett. New York: Grove Press, 1983. Metman, Eva. Reflections on Samuel Beckett's Plays. Samuel Beckett: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Martin Esslin. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1965.

The Relaxation Factor of Spas Essay -- Descriptive Spa Spas Relaxing E

The Relaxation Factor of Spas Most people get a look of relaxation on their face when someone says the word, spa. The imagery of mud baths, facials, manicures, pedicures, and massages triggers a feeling of complete relaxation. Many different types of people visit spas. A writer for About.com, Julie Register, explains the different types of people who visit spas. She says, â€Å"people like a traveler that has jet lag, a mother who would like to break away from her children for awhile, or even a person who is experiencing acne, visit spas† (Register). While looking for the origin of the word â€Å"spa,† I found on the internet that there are many possible origins. Julie Register from About.com says a possible origin is from the Latin word â€Å"Espa,† meaning to bubble up, or â€Å"Sanus Per Aquam† meaning health by or through water (Register). I was curious as to how spas had originally begun. While engulfing my mind into information I found on the internet, I found two distinct ways that spas had begun. Register also explains this to me. She says that as early as five hundred BC, Homer and other Greek writers say that Greeks favored a variety of baths. This included water baths and air baths (Register). Almost all of us are familiar with water baths. Water baths are the same thing as what we call the average â€Å"baths.† During one of these â€Å"water baths,† the person receiving the treatment has their body submerged in water with a temperature of their liking. However, I was not familiar with what an air bath was. While continuing to research, on the internet, I found that air baths are what we call saunas, today. Air baths are somewhat related to a water bath, except there is no water. In air baths, the receiver of the bath is ... ...ated in different countries and cultures, but past societies all had the same idea – relaxation by water. Today the spa business has boomed, but all spas focus on one thing – water. I have gone to many different spas and have experienced this first hand. Spas provide something for everyone. Works Cited Brown, Anita. â€Å"What Does a Spa Do?† About.com. 18 Oct. 2004 . â€Å"What is a Spa, Anyway?† About.com. 18 Oct.2004 . Foley, Jo. â€Å"Spas: A Brief History Two Centuries of Relaxation.† Hilary Spa & Beauty. 18 Oct. 2004 . Personal Survey. 18 Oct. 2004. Register, Julie. â€Å"Spa Evolution, A Brief History of Spas.† About.com. 18 Oct. 2004 .

Oedipus Rex †The Characterization Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus R

Oedipus Rex – The Characterization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, presents to the reader a full range of characters: static and dynamic, flat and round; they are protrayed mostly through the showing technique.    Thomas Van Nortwick in Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life describes Oedipus as he is seen at the opening of the drama, as a father to his Theban citizens:    In his opening words to the pathetic crowd of suppliants, Oedipus invokes images meant to reassure. As ruler, he is a father to Thebes and its citizens, and like a father he will take care of his â€Å"children.† We see already the supreme self-confidence and ease of command in Oedipus, who can address not only other people’s children as his own, but also be a father to men older than he is (21-22).    As protagonist, Oedipus is at the center of the story. The dialogue, action and motivation revolve about the characters in the story (Abrams 32-33). Werner Jaeger in â€Å"Sophocles’ Mastery of Character Development† pays the dramatist Sophocles the very highest compliment with regard to character development:    The ineffaceable impression which Sophocles makes on us today and his imperishable position in the literature of the world are both due to his character-drawing. If we ask which of the men and women ofGreek tragedy have an independent life in the imagination apart from the stage and from the actual plot in which they appear, we must answer, ‘those created by Sophocles, above all others’ (36).    Surely   it can be said of Sophocles’ main characters that they grow beyond the two dimensional aspect into really rounded physical presences. This is done through mostly the showing technique, though the chorus... ...ublishers, 1999.    Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Jaeger, Werner. â€Å"Sophocles’ Mastery of Character Development.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.    Oedipus Rex – The Characterization Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus R Oedipus Rex – The Characterization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, presents to the reader a full range of characters: static and dynamic, flat and round; they are protrayed mostly through the showing technique.    Thomas Van Nortwick in Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life describes Oedipus as he is seen at the opening of the drama, as a father to his Theban citizens:    In his opening words to the pathetic crowd of suppliants, Oedipus invokes images meant to reassure. As ruler, he is a father to Thebes and its citizens, and like a father he will take care of his â€Å"children.† We see already the supreme self-confidence and ease of command in Oedipus, who can address not only other people’s children as his own, but also be a father to men older than he is (21-22).    As protagonist, Oedipus is at the center of the story. The dialogue, action and motivation revolve about the characters in the story (Abrams 32-33). Werner Jaeger in â€Å"Sophocles’ Mastery of Character Development† pays the dramatist Sophocles the very highest compliment with regard to character development:    The ineffaceable impression which Sophocles makes on us today and his imperishable position in the literature of the world are both due to his character-drawing. If we ask which of the men and women ofGreek tragedy have an independent life in the imagination apart from the stage and from the actual plot in which they appear, we must answer, ‘those created by Sophocles, above all others’ (36).    Surely   it can be said of Sophocles’ main characters that they grow beyond the two dimensional aspect into really rounded physical presences. This is done through mostly the showing technique, though the chorus... ...ublishers, 1999.    Benardete, Seth. â€Å"Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Jaeger, Werner. â€Å"Sophocles’ Mastery of Character Development.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.   

Personal development in health Essay

1. How can you evaluate your own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards? So, how do you ensure you are working within up to date standards for health and social care? How do you check this? This is where you improve your performance with training and supervisions and I can check with the CQC to make sure I am doing things right if I was unsure or with my employer. 2. Can you identify your sources of support for planning and reviewing your own development? For examples, sources of support can include formal support, informal support, and supervision, appraisal, within the organisation or beyond the organisation. The code of practice would be my main support and guide lines for planning and reviewing my development or my employer would also help me plan my own development with keeping my training up to date. Also working by the company policy and procedures would keep me within the guide lines. 3. Can you evaluate how any learning activities you have accessed have affected your practice? I completed a fire awareness course and returned to work that evening when one of the clients set a pan on fire on the cooker, by doing the training I learnt to soak a t towel and pay it down from front to back of fire to suffocate it to put it out so was very useful and it worked as before I would have just wet a tea towel and just tried laying it on it no particularly way. So this is just one example of where the training helped with my job in caring for people. I also learnt the best way to deal with a burn is to keep it under cold water to take away the burning sensation, or to keep a cold wet dressing on it till we get to the hospital for treatment. These are just two examples from a first aid course and a fire awareness course. Unit 4222-306- promote and impement health and safety in health and social care 4. Describe the different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in your work own work setting. In my work place the most likely accidents is ware clients burn their self when cooking or when then fall over. Another is the self harming which we can in counter quiet regular when our clients are upset about things out of our control. The most often illness is coldsflu or sickness. Quiet often we have clients with breathing problems as well i.e. asthma 5. Explain the procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur. If a client had a fall I would check how they was but not move them, just try make comfortable then call a ambulance, I would then notify my employer and they would then notify anyone that needed to no. I would then document everything that happened in the accident book as well as the clients file and on my contact sheets as well. If a client had a problem with their breathing I would get them their inhaler to try and help it but if that didn’t work I would then call an ambulance to assist with a nebuliser or to take them to hospital. I would again notify my employer who would then contact the people who need to no. I would again make sure everything was documented. 6. Explain the main points of legalisation that relates to moving and handling The manual handling operations regulations 1992, which implement the manual handling of loads directive, came into effect on 1 January 1993 and apply to all manual handling activity with a risk of injury. The regulations impose duties on the employers self employed people and employees. Employers must avoid all hazardous manual handling activity where it is reasonably practicable to do so. if it is not they must assess the risk in relation to  the nature of the task, the load, the working environment and the capabilities of the handler and take appropriate action to reduce the risk to the lowest level reasonably The employer’s duties; Avoid the need for hazardous manual handling as far as is reasonably practible. Assess the risk of injury from any hazardous manual handling that can’t be avoided Reduce the risk of injury from hazardous manual handling, as far as reasonably practicable The employee’s duties Follow appropriate systems of work laid down for their safety Make proper use of equipment provided to minimise the risk of injury Co-operate with the employer on health and safety matters. If a care assistant fails to use a hoist that has been provided, they are putting themselves at risk of injury. The employer is unlikely to be liable. Apply the duties of employers, as appropriate, to their own manual handling activities. Taking care to ensure that their activities do not put others at risk 7. Explain principles for safe moving and handling There are some basic principles that everyone should observe prior to carrying out a manual handling operation: Ensure that the object is light enough to lift, is stable and unlikely to shift or move Heavy or awkward loads should be moved using a handling aid Make sure the route is clear from obstructions Make sure there is somewhere to put the load down wherever it is to be moved to Stand as close to the load as possible and spread your feet to shoulder width Bend your knees and try to keep your backs natural, upright posture Grasp the load firmly as close to the body as you can Use the legs to lift in a smooth motion as this offers more leverage reducing the strain on your back Carry the load close to the body with the elbows tucked in to the body Avoid twisting the body as much as possible by turning your feet to position yourself with the load. 8. Describe types of hazardous substances that may be found in the work  setting Bleach can be a hazardous substance if not used right and or enough ventilation is possible or many cleaning products. 9. Describe practices that prevent fires from- a) Starting Keeping things away from flames like tea towels and cloths when cooking. Being very aware and watch you’re cooking so it doesn’t burn dry and catch light. b) Spreading Keep all fire doors shut to try preventing from it spreading and contain the fire. Try to turn off the cause of the fire to try and kill the fire. c) Explain emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the work setting. To sound the alarm, to call 999, to evacuate the building with a register of who was in and who is out so you can inform the fire service when they arrive. Inform my employer and then when every is safe and fire is out, document it. Unit 4222-374-promote active support 11. Compare the characteristics associated with active support and hotel model in relation to an individual’s support. For guidance here, the ‘hotel model’ refers to institutional style settings organised mainly around staffing needs. They are not person centred and offer a poor quality of life for individuals. An example could be staff undertaking all the domestic tasks and not providing individuals with the opportunity to participate in construction activities. Active support is when you let a client do the things they need to do i.e. cooking, cleaning and self care but are there to assist them when needed. Hotel model is when you going in and do everything as it quicker and easier than waiting for them to do their self and by making them wait to curtain times or days to do some tasks i.e. every has times when they get help to use bathrooms or everyone has the same dinner time to eat or everyone has to go to bed at same time early as easier for staff to cope with if they all in bed. 12. Identify practical changes that could be made within a service setting- A) Promote an individual’s independence To help an individual to have independency could be a simple thing like making a flannel wet and handing it to them to wash their own face instead of you just washing their face, or cutting their food up so they can feed their self as they cannot cut their food up as cant use a knife and fork but could feed their self with a spoon. B) Support informed choices This could be when we go shopping and I suggest different foods for them to choose from or it could be not taking a library book back on time I would just make them aware they would receive a late payment fee that would mean they would then have less money to live on so they would then think about whether it was worth taking it back late or going back and getting it stamped so they can have it again instead of being charged for it. C) Improve quality of life. I could do a risk assessment on them and find they would benefit from some aids to give them a better life for example if they can’t read or see things properly I could arrange for them to see a optician and get glasses so they could see to read and would help with their balance and could lessen the amount of falls that they have had, or it could be someone is not hearing properly and is being a danger to their selves for example when crossing the road they are not hearing the traffic and what’s going on around them. A doctor could arrange a hearing test and a hearing aid which would be better for the client and he would be less dangerous. Unit 4222-325-support individuals during a period of change 13. Describe the types of changes that may occur in the course of an individual’s life. Types of change can include changes that are positive, negative, chosen ,unchosen, temporary or permanent A person could receive news of a death of a family member which they would then grieve. A person could have some good news like winning the lottery or could be their parent wants contact with them after she had put them in care or they got a job or they are clear of any health issues etc They could decide to make a change in their courses they are attending or choose to not have contact with curtain people or could simply be they have chosen to be a vegetarian ect You might have to move house when you don’t want to or move  area when you don’t want to but a family brake down is making you, it could be temporary until your house becomes available or it could be permanent because it wasn’t your house in the first place and you was living with someone. 14. Analyse factors that may make change a positive or negative experience. If someone was being abused but was then moved out it would be a positive move as client would not be being abused any more but the negative side would be the client would have been moved out of the family setting and might not like the idea of being away from family and rebel against it as much as they know it was the right decision they might be confused as to why the person did what they did and why have they been moved and look at it as a punishment as they had not done anything wrong. 15. Can you describe approaches that are likely to enhance an individual’s capacity to manage change and experience change positively? When our clients become 18 they are registered on to the council list for housing so leading up to their 18th birthday we will teach them to cook and clean and look after their selves and to budget and pay bills and how to ask for help when needed and where to go to access what help they need. This all prepares them for change when they have to do things on their own. Unit 4222-342- support positive risk taking for individuals 16. Explain ways in which risk is an integral part of life. Every day life is a risk, crossing the road, cooking, falling over Become ill; making decisions is a risk to weather you makes the right one. 17. Explain why individuals may have been discouraged or prevented from taking risks We may discourage some people of taking risks when they have no fear, like when they might just walk out across the road without looking to see if there any traffic coming, or they turn the cooker on and put a pan on and get distracted and walk away and forget about it until they smell burning, or it could be someone going to the cash point and draws a lot of money out and waves it around for everyone to see and then looses it. 18. Can you describe the links between risk-taking and responsibility, empowerment and social inclusion? The link is offering individuals the opportunity to achieve their goals and dreams of their own choice which empowers the individuals. The person in the support role is responsible for identifying the risks and hazards that come with the chosen activity and decide how the risks could be reduced or the activity adapted to make it less hazardous.